Latin America Essay Example for Free

Latin America Essay 1. Within Middle America, geographers recognize the contrast (cultural, economic, and historical) between the isthmus and the Caribbean islands. Describe the diagnostic characteristics of the Mainland and Rimland regions of Middle America. Middle America includes approximately 7,000 Caribbean islands with hot, humid, and tropical climates; and is an isthmus (land bridge) between the north and South America. The four larger islands are called the Greater Antilles and the smaller islands are the Lesser Antilles (Archipelago). Sometimes middle and South America is referred to as â€Å"Latin America. † The realm is physically and politically fragmented. It began with the lowland Mayans and the highland Aztecs until the cultures collided. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems and were great pioneers of agricultural sweet potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and tobacco. When the Spanish first arrived in Middle America they joined forces with the Amerindians and attacked the Aztecs. This attack affected Middle America badly. The Spanish brought diseases with them, such as measles, smallpox, mumps, and many more causing their population to decline drastically. They also experienced things like changes in religion and deforestation, as well as other significant long lasting effects. Middle America is culturally diverse. The â€Å"euro-Amerindian† mainland is composed of Amerindians, mestizos (Indian and European), and Europeans. The â€Å"euro-African Caribbean† Rimland is compiled with Hispanics, blacks, mulattos (African), British, Dutch, and French. Some geographers may argue that the environment of ‘Middle America is among the world’s most hazardous environments’ and natural hazards such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes. The characteristics for the mainland and Rimland are very specific. The mainland is highly isolated while the Rimland is highly accessible. The mainland climate is considered altitudinal zonation and the Rimland is tropical. The Rimland consists of islands, but mountains are found on the mainland. Mestizo is the race of the mainland and mulatto is of the Rimland. The landholding platform of the mainland is haciendas prevailed, whereas on the Rimland a plantation economy (an export crop for sugar cane and bananas). The hacienda provided year round jobs, domestic markets, diversified crops, and was self-sufficient. The plantation economy provided single cash crop, production for export, seasonal employment, and â€Å"banana† republics. These are all diagnostic characteristics of the Mainland and Rimland regions of Middle America. 2. What are the pros and cons of tourism in the Caribbean Islands? Tourism by definition is â€Å"the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host government, host communities and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors. † The Caribbean is the most densely populated region of Middle America. Although agriculture was an important part of the region’s economic expansion, today tourism, industrialization, and banking are the major sources of development. An economic con of tourism in the Caribbean is that the islands are becoming more and more dependent of tourism. Most of their monies collected from tourism will eventually go to a foreign investor that involves tourism, such as a hotel owner, transportation companies, etc. , because the economy is based on exports, offshore banking, and manufacturing. Foreigners are large consumers of luxury goods on the Caribbean islands. Locals may find that as a con, because beaches and such are being destroyed to make room for tourist structures such as shopping centers and/or hotels. Therefore, causing a great divide in wages of a management worker compared to a minimum basic worker. Due to tourists consumption of seafood, water, electricity, and supplies this could cause a price increase for the locals and/or shortage of these things as well. On a social stand point, a con would be the criminal sector of tourism. Drugs, sex trafficking, and prostitution are all unregulated criminal acts that take place while touring. Locals may also feel â€Å"invaded† by the high amount of tourist that explore their communities, making them angry or resentful of the tourist. More cons of tourism include: free spending, no chances for local entrepreneurs, bad manners, rich mingling with the poor, and debase of local culture to tourist culture. A few pros to consider of tourism are, the more tourist structures they may build are the potential opportunities to create more service and management related jobs for the locals. This also allows them to earn foreign exchange. On a social stand point, Caribbean culture may be more appreciated and understood once a foreigner visits the islands. Typically foreigners like to explore and take excursions on the mainland once arriving on the islands, therefore this gives local citizens reason to keep their island and historical sites renovated and maintained, whereas they may have not, had they not had visitors tour those sites often. Cultural events/festivals are developed because a large number of foreigners participate. More pros of tourism include: creating more service jobs, promotion of urban development, becoming major dollar revenue, and it promotes handicraft business. Tourism in general is complex, and perhaps many would argue that tourism is a â€Å"good thing†, I would say that it is on the verge of being a â€Å"bad thing† for the Caribbean islands. In my opinion, for the locals, the cons heavily outweigh the pros on an economic and social level. 3. In the Amazonia, Brazil what is being forecast as a pending environmental and cultural disaster. How is this occurring and what would be the consequence? Brazil is on the rise to an economic and cultural decline and is no longer considered the ‘country of the future. ’ Brazil is the fifth largest country and Portuguese is the language spoken there. Its culture is very diverse and consists of Native Americans, Portuguese, and Africans. In 2010, Brazil had a 7. 5% country economy growth, but dropped drastically to only 2. 7% this past year. For the past ten years Brazil had seemed to be â€Å"on a roll† as an agricultural superpower when in the Atlantic Ocean, they discovered massive oil reserves. Brazil’s diplomacy became more aggressive, and they even paid off all debts to the International Monetary Fund. With their government changes and economic success they had helped millions of citizens come out of poverty. The saying â€Å"what goes up, must come down† has became true for the economy of Brazil. With the countries improvements, they are now facing ‘real world realities’ such as illegal immigration because of people coming into their country wanting jobs. Some critics argue that â€Å"Brazil is lucky to have China waiting in the wings, hungry for its commodities and natural resources. † In the Amazonia, Brazil had 6-9 million indigenous people before 1500; today they have less than 200,000 remaining. With environmental and cultural decline, come many consequences. Culturally, Brazil has the world’s largest Catholic population, but since the recent census, that is also in decline. Economically, the reduced flow of money into the country and the demanded exports of Brazil weakened which is very logical and doesn’t need much explanation. If their exports are no longer in demand, then the obvious consequence is a reduced inflow of consumer monies. This in my opinion would be the biggest hit for Brazil and the leading consequence of their â€Å"disaster. † I personally could not find many scholarly articles discussing Brazil’s decline economically or culturally. Surprisingly, I found more articles talking about the rise and growth of the two. It is also my opinion that in order to â€Å"fix† these problems, tourism is a key factor for Brazil right now. I know in lecture we discussed within the Amazon the importance of rubber, gold, oil, and deforestation to Brazil, and I am certain all of those things would be affected, but I couldn’t find many articles with facts to back that up. With that being said, I think many countries all have and/or will experience â€Å"waves† of decline. Most every country experiences these â€Å"disasters† it is what makes the world go round.

Joint Criminal Liability for Murder | Case Study

Joint Criminal Liability for Murder | Case Study Introduction: This assignment will attempt to analyse lesser criminal liabilities leading up to stronger criminal liabilities for all parties involved in a possible conviction of murder by focussing on the major themes of contending and procuring, aiding and abetting, accessory liability, unlawful killing, grievous bodily harm (death resulting) and causation. Joint Criminal Liability between Andy, Matthew Jimmy Are both Andy and Matthew equally principal offenders for the purpose of distinguishing criminal liability? Criminal liability A person who commits the acts which form whole or part of the actus reus of the crime is known as a ‘principal in the first degree†: Osland v R (1998) [1] It can be derived from the facts that both Andy and Matthew were present at the scene to carry out a joint criminal enterprise: Tangye (1997) [2] as there was an express agreement: Tangye (1997) [3]made between the two to seize the managers of large supermarkets in their homes and force them to return to their supermarkets and open the safes. On the facts it cannot be established that derivative liability exists between the two or any failure to agree to such actions is present: Osland v R (1998) [4]rather an â€Å"acting in concert† which may create the effect of equally placing responsibility on each individual for the acts of the other: R v Lowery and King (No.2) (1972) [5] Both Andy and Matthew may be charged with Conspiracy under S.321 to commit and offence does this extend to Jimmy? Conspiracy Andy puts his plans to Mathew who agrees to take part in the robberies, for a percentage of the proceeds under S.321 of the crimes Act 1958 this agreement made between Andy and Matthew resulted in the involvement and commission of the offence hence may lead to a finding of guilt in conspiracy to commit that offence. Does this apply to Jimmys level of involvement? Actus Reus Conspiracy has been defined as an agreement to do an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means†:R V Jones (1832) [6] there is clearly no question of dispute that both Andy and Mathew decided that the best way of making quick money was to execute the agreed criminal act. To establish contravention of s.321 it may be inferred that Jimmys conduct of providing a â€Å"safe house intentionally perverted the course of Justice or intended to pervert the administration of public justice: James v. Robinson (1963) [7] hence making Jimi a complicit in the commission of a crime. Mens Rea The establishment of both Andy and Matthewss intentional agreement to contravene s.321 is apparent on the facts posing the question whether a conspiracy charge is as effective as heavier weighed substantive charges available: Hoar v R (1981) [8] Jimmy may be found guilty under the equally applicable test if it is proved that the provision of the ‘safe house was a furtherance to the common purpose: R. v. Tripodi (1955) [9] in effect being liable for accessorial liability due to the counselling and procuring involved with Andy and Matthews main offences. Defences The scope of mens rea clearly applied to Jimmy is debatable â€Å"a conspiracy is proved by evidence of the actual terms of the agreement made or accepted or by evidence from which an agreement to effect common objects or purpose is inferred.†: Gerakiteys v R (1984) [10]. No evidence of actual terms of the agreement provides a clear entry point before the act or common object to the commission of the offence by Jimmy: R v Theophanous (2003) [11]The mere providing of a â€Å"safe house provides only an inference for a jury to draw upon after the fact of Jimis level of participation. In this light the evidence may fall short of establishing a clear level of involvement: R V Darby (1982)[12]. Due to the possible grey area in establishing Jimmys intention to pervert the course of justice the possibility of an acquittal under s.321 may result, if the inference of the overt act in itself is not proved beyond reasonable doubt aligning common purpose against other substantive criminal acts: R V Darby (1982) [13]. Both Andy and Matthew may be charged with Burglary does this extend to Aggravated Burglary? Burglary Andy and Matthew may be guilty of burglary for breaking into Joes home as trespassers with an intention to assault both Joe and Betty. Actus Reus As we can see from the facts the actions of both Andy and Matthew in breaking into Joes home may substitute the trespassing and home for the purpose of a building. Case? Mens Rea On the facts this was actioned knowingly without permission with a firm intent to commit an assault: R v Collins (1972) [14] Aggravated Burglary If burglary can be established between Andy and Matthew they may be also be found guilty of aggravated burglary due to the carrying of a firearm at the time and knowingly entering with intent to do so. Actus Reus Both Matthew and Andy entered intending to assault Joe carrying loaded pistols at the time of their entry. With no apparent reason on the facts to dispute that Joe was not present in his house, hence an inference may be drawn by the jury not suggesting otherwise: R v Verde (2009) [15] Mens Rea: Both Andy and Matthew on the facts intended to threaten to cause injury to a person inside the house if he they were disturbed during the burglary: R v Verde [2009] [16]. They also had the weapon for a purpose connected with the burglary as discussed about albeit for armed robbery: R v Kolb Adams (2007) [17]. Matthew may also be charged of extortion with threat to kill Extortion with threat to kill Furthermore on the above aggravated burglary charge this may be coupled with Matthews threat to kill Betty which may contravene S.27A B regarding extortion with a threat to kill. Actus Reus Matthew clearly made a demand of Betty to lie down on the floor and remain silent or he will kill her. Leaving Joe fearing for his life and that of his wife if they did not submit: R v Lawrence (1980) [18] Mens Rea: On the facts Matthewss intention to threaten to kill was an attempt to create fear of the infliction of harm: Ryan v Cuhl (1979) [19]. Is Andy liable for the common law crime of false imprisonment against Betty? False imprisonment Andy may be liable for the Criminal offence of false imprisonment due to unlawful restraint and threats to both Joe and Betty. Actus Reus As we can see from the facts Andy drags Betty into another room tying her hands and feet with rope and taping her mouth in order for her not to scream. Clearly unlawfully restraining Betty from her liberty to freedom of movement, furthermore confining her into the custody of one room: Ruddock v Taylor (2005) [20] Mens Rea: Andy held a clear intention to unlawfully restrain Betty against her will as a consequence of his threats to kill her and Joe if they did not comply: R v Garrett (1988) [21] Defences There is little to no likelihood that Andy may raise a defence of lawful justification for his actions upon the facts: Blackstone [22] Andys Liability Is Andy liable for contravening S.22 23 of the Crimes Act 1958 regarding Bettys unborn child. Conduct endangering life/Reckless conduct endangering serious injury Andy may be charged as a result of engaging voluntarily in the conduct of restraining Betty without lawful excuse that may have placed her unborn child in danger of death. S.22 23 Actus Reus It can be clearly established that Betty whimpered that she was 7 months pregnant, however Andy voluntarily and recklessly continued without lawful excuse to assault and restrain causing possible serious injury by way of miscarriage on Bettys unborn child: R v Crabbe (1985)[23] Mens Rea Applying the test in: Ryan v Walker (1966) [24] to the possible death by way of miscarriage to Bettys unborn child. The Jury may infer that this possibility was contemplated by Andy as a result of his continued restraint and threat to kill. Furthermore evidence of Andy contacting authorities alluded to his realisation and contemplation of danger or serious injury. Defences: There may be a minimal defence to debate the intent on Andys behalf to place Bettys unborn in danger by the subsequent contacting of authorities furthermore death did not result, hence the actus reus of the consequence failed to occur: R v NuriI (1990) [25] however a finding on the continuation of Bettys restraint at the time of the offence may weigh more heavily against Andys contemplation: R v Crabbe (1985).[26]. It must also be noted that in R v Hutty (1953) [27]a person is not a being until he or she if fully born in a living state however R v West (1848) [28] negates this and still establishes homicide if a child is born and subsequently dies. Does Andys use of stolen licence plates constitute theft for the purposes of s.72 (1) s.73 (5) s.73 (12) Theft Andy may be charged with theft by the action of stealing or dishonestly appropriating another persons licence plates with the intention of permanently depriving them from the owner. Actus Reus Clearly Andy was unauthorised to appropriate or physical take and carry away: The king v James Lapier (1784)[29]. Another persons tangible property: Oxford v Moss (1979) [30]in this case being licence plates for the commission of the offence. Mens Rea It may be inferred that Andy had specific intent to dishonestly deprive s.73(12) the owner of rightful possession of the licence plates for his own right to use: Stein v Henshall (1976)[31] furthermore this can be strengthen by the lack of consent: R v Senese (2004) [32] Are both Andy and Matthew liable for kidnapping Joe under S.63a Kidnapping Andy and Matthew may be liable for demanding Joe to drive to the supermarket to intentionally open the safe for their advantage in return for his release. Actus Reus On the facts we can clearly see that Joes personal liberty or freedom of choice was removed primarily by way of a threat to kill unless he complies: Wellard v R(1978) [33]. Secondly this was performed by Joe being carried away in the form of a car by Andy and Matthew. Thirdly this was achieved by force without consent. This may be inferred by a Jury as his wife Betty was clearly in an injured state. Fourthly at no point was there any justified lawful excuse: R v D (1984) [34]. Mens Rea Andy and Matthew both shared intent in agreeing to perform the kidnapping in order to fulfil their common purpose of performing the robbery. Case Did the actions of Joe opening the safe constitute a criminal offence under s.9AG. Duress Joe may not be found guilty of a criminal offence pertaining to the opening of the safe under duress due to a threat to kill Betty. Actus Reus: On the facts a threat of immediate death was made towards Betty unless both remained compliant. Joe being clearly overborne by this indirect threat subsequently led his will to be placed under duress, furthermore serious personal violence overbearing his ability to become resistant or no opportunity to restrain lead may lead to a strong justification for his actions of opening the safe: Attorney-General v Whelan (1934) [35] Mens Rea Clearly Joe had no intent to perform this criminal offence if he was not under duress, his will was overborne with fear for his life and that of his wife. Defences Joe has a strong case in establishing duress: R v Brown (1986). [36] Furthermore a jury may infer that carrying out the conduct was the only reasonable way that the threatened harm could have been avoided. s.9AG. (b) Are both Andy Matthew guilty of committing Robbery/Armed Robbery contravening s.75 s.75A? Robbery/Armed robbery Both Andy Matthew as an accessory may be equally guilty of robbery for stealing the contents of a safe by force through Joe by means of fear with the use of firearms. Actus Reus Joe was aware of the theft and subsequently was compelled by force or fear to submit to Andys demands to open the supermarket and safe, this prevention by violence or threat establishes robbery under s.75 the use of firearm establishes armed robbery for the purpose of s.75 a (1) enabling the two to have the safe opened and its contents permanently deprived of the owner. It is clear that Joe being the supermarket manager satisfying s.75 a (1) as the applicable person or custodian of the property in this instance: Smith v Desmond (1965)[37] Mens Rea It is clear that Andy and Matthew intended to place Joe under duress by the use of a deadly weapon to intimidate Joe to fear for his life and that of his wife. case Defences Regardless if Andy believed he had an honest entitlement by way of his intentions of support for the Karen tribe as a claim for defence, it is unnecessary to prove this: R v Langham. (1984) [38] furthermore would not constitute lawful excuse at any rate under the Firearms Act (1996) s.132 (2). Thirdly a claim for military necessity would not apply due to his departure from the SAS and proportionality arguments contravening multiple international humanitarian law conventions regarding legal use of force.[39] Andys Liability over Joes serious injuries sustained. Causing serious injury intentionally Andy may be charged under s.16 17 s.22 for pistol whipping Joe until he became unconscious. Actus Reus It may be established on the facts that Joe clearly suffered no less than serious grievous bodily harm by Andys act of pistol whipping to the point of unconsciousness DPP v Smith (1961)[40]. Due to this act being in furtherance of a crime it would constitute without lawful excuse for the purposes of s.16 of the crimes act 1958. Mens rea Andys intent may be established sufficiently in causing intentionally serious injury through the furtherance of a crime or alternatively through recklessness. Meyers v R (1997) [41] It is possible that recklessness may also be established given the nature of Andys training received through the SAS in the continued use of such force being reasonable foreseeable that such a consequence may arise R v Coleman (1990) [42]. Andy may also be liable under s.22 for recklessly engaging in conduct that renders Joe in danger of death with the carrying of a firearm it also may be sufficient to be deemed guilty for grievous bodily harm and breech of s.31a R v Faure (1999)[43]. as a probable consequence he may be deemed just as blameworthy as the conduct of one who does an act intended to kill or to do grievous bodily harm. R v Crabbe (1985) [44] Is Matthew triable as a principal offender as an abettor for his involvement in the commission of a crime under S.323? Abettors in indictable offences are triable as principal offenders Matthew may be charged for assisting Andy at the scenes of the crime furthermore encouraging and procuring by taking appropriate steps towards the commission of the offence under S.323 Crimes act 1958. Actus Reus Matthew agreeing to take part in the robberies hence satisfies the preparation arm or to â€Å"abet† in agreeing to the commission of the offences Thambiah v R (1966)[45], Secondly clearly he â€Å"aided† when he broke into the home acting in concert, hence not derivative to the principal offence also by carrying loaded pistols and when he threatened Betty and Joe performing the subsequent false imprisonment Osland v R (1998) [46] Thirdly Matthew â€Å"counselled† by â€Å"keeping nit† and not changing the course of action R V Whitefield (1983) [47] whilst the robbery took place. These actions show the series of steps undertaken in the commission of the offences constituting a breach of s.323. Mens Rea Matthew may be found guilty due to the fact that at no time Matthews intention knowingly or wilfully changed to the knowledge and acceptance of the pre formed sequence of events R v Bainbridge (1959)[48]. [1] Osland v R (1998) 159 ALR 170 [2] Tangye (1997) 92 a Crim R 545 [3] ibid at 545 [4] Osland v R (1998) 159 ALR 170 [5] R v Lowery and King [No.2] (1972) VR 560 [6] R V Jones (1832) 4 b Ad 345 at 349 [7] James v. Robinson (1963) 1 CLR 593 at p 618 [8] Hoar v R (1981) 148 CLR 32 [9] R. v. Tripodi (1955) SCR 438 [10] Gerakiteys v R (1984) 153 CLR 317 at 7 [11] R v Theophanous (2003) 141 A Crim R 216. [12] R V Darby (1982) 40 ALR [13] R V Darby (1982) 40 ALR 601 [14] R v Collins (1972) 2 All ER [15] R v Verde (2009) VSCA 16 [16] R v Verde [2009] VSCA 16 [17] R v Kolb (2007) QCA 180 [18] R v Lawrence (1980) 32 ALR 72 [19] Ryan v Cuhl (1979) VR 315 [20] Ruddock v Taylor (2005) 222 CLR 612 [21] R v Garrett (1988) 30 SASR 392. [22] Blackstone, Book 4, Chapter 14 [23] R v Crabbe [1985] 156 CLR 464 469 [24] Ryan v Walker (1966) VR 553 [25] R v NURI (1990) VSCA 7 [26] R v Crabbe [1985] 156 CLR 464 469 [27] R v Hutty (1953) VLR 338 at 339 [28] R v West (1848) 2 Cox cc 500 [29] The king v James Lapier (1784) 168 ER 263 and Wallis v Lane [1964] VR 293 [30] Oxford v Moss (1979) 68 Cr App Rep 183 [31] Stein v. Henshall (976)V.R. 612 [32] R v Senese (2004) VSCA 136SDSD [33] Wellard v R(1978) 67 Cr App R 364 [34] R v D (1984) 2 all er 449 [35] Attorney-General v Whelan (1934) IR 518 at 526 [36] R v Brown (1986) 43 SASR 33 at 37. [37] Smith v Desmond (1965) AC 960. [38] R v Langham. (1984) 36 SASR 48 [39] Article 52 of Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions [40] DPP v Smith 1961 AC 290 [41] Meyers v R [1997] HCA 43; (1997) 147 ALR 440; (1997) [42] R v Coleman (1990) 19 NSW 467 [43] R v Faure (1999) 2 VR 537 [44] R v Crabbe [1985] HCA 22; (1985) 156 CLR 464 (26 March 1985) [45] Thambiah v R (1966) AC 37 [46] Osland v R (1998) 197 CLR 316 [47] R V Whitefield (1983) 79 Cr App R 36 [48] R v Bainbridge (1959) 3 ALL ER 200

ob Characteristic Model and Internal Motivation

ob Characteristic Model and Internal Motivation The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) is an approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcome (Williams McWilliams, 2010). Job characteristics model helps the employee on enriched their jobs by using the five core job characteristics that include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback, followed by three critical psychological states, which are meaningful work, responsibility work, and knowledge about the performance. These five core job characteristics and three critical psychological states will lead to create jobs that result in effective work and positive personal outcomes. The purpose of the essay is to explain the main concern of job characteristics model and to identify the five core jobs characteristics in Sunway College lecturers work practices. DISCUSSION The main concern of the JCM is internal motivation. Internal motivation is motivation that comes from itself rather than from outside rewards (Williams McWilliams, 2010). The more effort given by the employee, the more motivated they will be. The JCM give the relationship between three classes of variables: critical psychological states (CPSs), core job dimensions (CJDs), and affective outcomes (AOs). Working with internal motivation occurs when the employee realized that there was a relationship between three critical psychological states and core job dimensions. First, they experience meaningful work because they believe their works are important and worthwhile, by enhanced skill variety, task identity, and task significance. Second, they experience personally responsible for the outcomes of the work, by presence the job autonomy. Third, they learn to know how well they performed their jobs by job feedback. If these critical psychological states are fulfilled with well core job dimensions, the employee will experience well work outcomes with high internal work motivation, high satisfaction, high-quality performance, productivity improvement, effective work, and reduced percentage of employee absence and turnover. Managers can use JCM to motivate the employee, but, how about lecturers? Lecturers work closely related with students. Same as JCM in managers work, lecturers work practice is to motivate students to positive learning outcomes. Both lecturer and students are in a rule using five core job characteristics, which are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. The lecturers are in managerial roles providing tasks, structuring the task, training a group of student, giving evaluate of students performance, and giving reward. The students are in an employee rule learning what lecturers want from the task, taking training, learning lecturers skills, finishing task, receiving reward. Application of job characteristics model to lecturers work practice is attained by increasing five core job characteristics in their course. The first component of core job characteristics is skill variety. Skill variety in lecturers work practice means a various complex skills of lecturers required to complete the course. Lecturers in Sunway College increasing skill variety by giving assignment, so student can increase their skill variety through written assignment referring to internet or book resources, library research, analysing and developing a case or oral presentation of material. Lecturers also asking students to discuss in a group, so that students can discuss in a group with each group member who have different knowledge, abilities, skills, and experiences. With this diversity, a group work can solve problem much better than individual work and can also increase skill variety of each group member. The second component is task identity. Task identity in lecturers work practise means lecturers are responsible to complete their course from beginning to the end. Every lecturer in Sunway College is responsible to manage their time to deliver lesson in a given time. Lecturer learn to separate each chapter of subject in to two or three times of lecture, and giving workshop to provide briefing about assignment, practical for doing assignment using computer, and tutorial class to explain about each chapter of course in more details. For students, this task identity is allowing student to learn and do assignment from beginning to the end. The students do this in various ways, such as answering questions before the tutorial classes, working on both individual and group tasks to share and develop idea, submit assignment on time, make presentations, and may conduct a study research. The third component is task significance. Task significance in lecturers work practice means lecturers give an understanding to students that the knowledge or skill they have learned not only for courses grades but also for their future job. Lecturers in Sunway College give an understanding by using examples, if necessary from his or her life experiences that the subjects are given can be applied in a family environment, social environment or working environment. Lecturer also gives students a case about nowadays family, organisation, or social problem, and asks students to apply the material that given to solve that problem. So, students realize that the material can help them not only in class, but also outside the class. The fourth component is autonomy. Autonomy in lecturers work practice means lecturers have an opportunity to do their work with their own initiative and make their own decision in carrying out the course. For example, lecture in Sunway College has initiative to enhance students autonomy, so he or she makes a decision in giving assignment by asking students to conduct any research they wanted as long as it was still related to the topic that he or she has told. In this situation, the students do the research without any guidelines. They select what researches they want as long as it remains relate to the topic; do research with observation, interview, or distributed questionnaire, and at the end students must submit assignment on time. The last component is feedback. Feedback in lecturers work practice means how well the lecturers doing their course. Lecturer in Sunway College get feedback from students, they try to understand how students responses about his or her performance. They can also seek information from their head of faculty about all phases of their course, is there any protest from students about his or her teaching method. The students can also get feedback, not only get feedback from lecturer but also get directly feedback. For example, in practical courses, when the program successfully runs, it means students performed well, so get good feedback. CONCLUSION JCM can be used to motivate all employees in all industries, provided that the managers know how to properly apply the five core job characteristics on their employees. Not only managers and the employees but also lecturers and student must realize that they all have a responsible to give the best performance by giving the best in skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Lecturers take managerial role for motivating students to positive learning outcomes, and students take employee role for doing the best to reach positive learning outcomes.

Initiative 200 :: essays research papers

Affirmative Action Under Attack by Initiative 200?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative action is under heavy attack by initiative 200, and it should not be. It should not be under fire because it serves as an act of restitution for the discrimination and hurt that we have caused African-Americans and other minorities throughout this century. It is our job to repair and repay blacks because our performance in the past has immediately affected their present status.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Americans, especially white males until late, were not opposed to affirmative action. This is only because affirmative action primarily benefited white males. It was the privileges our colonial fathers established on the basis of race and gender that allowed white males to dominate the job market with little or no contention. Some even believe that affirmative action is preferential treatment for white males.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White males have used race consistently in two ways since the Civil War: for the purpose of inclusion and exclusion. They have used race inclusively to benefit themselves and exclusively to deny opportunity to others. In the past, white males were preferred. In the present, however, affirmative action, though still based on race and gender, is used to include those who in the past were excluded. In more precise terms, with today’s affirmative action, or preferential treatment, we are attempting to adjust for the imbalances of the past that have been carried on into the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All of this seems so intuitively obvious, so why then can’t most Americans understand why affirmative action is obligatory? I believe the answer is as follows: Americans have refuse to recognize that there is and empirical relationship between the past and the present. They refuse to recognize that understanding the effects of past discrimination on the present is the key to explaining why affirmative action is not only needed in the present, but is the moral and political responsibility of so-called Christian nation. A recognition such as this would also demonstrate the inadequacies of present-day affirmative action. Affirmative action is a cheap price for blacks to settle for, given he way America has systematically discriminated against them in order to preserve and protect white male, and increasingly, white female privilege.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the Civil War and up to the 1954 Brown vs. the Board of Education decision, African Americans have been denied equal access to higher education and the labor market, and they have been denied by law.

Lung Cancer: A Serial Killer :: Lung Cancer Essays

“Lung cancer is an uncontrolled, extremely deadly division of cells in the lung'; (World Book, “Lung Cancer';). The two major types of lung cancer include small and non-small cell. Many different risk factors contribute to lung cancer. There are numerous symptoms that are difficult to detect in the early stages of lung cancer. Doctors use special machines to detect the severity of each stage. Treatments and cures differ in each individual case. Lung cancer is a huge problem because it is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women (Microsoft, “Lung Cancer';). Both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer affect different types of cells in the lung and spread in different ways. Small cell lung cancer is limited to a section of the chest known as the hemithorax and regional lymph nodes (World Book, “Lung Cancer';). Small cell lung cancer usually exists early and spreads out abruptly (Virtual Hospital, 3/23/99). Non-small cell lung cancer is first confined to the lung, then spreads throughout the chest (MSKCC, “Lung Cancer';). Small cell lung cancer spreads quickly (World Book, “Lung Cancer';). In the United States 85 to 90 percent of all lung cancer cases are related to smoking. Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer (Scientific American, “Lung Cancer';). Second-hand smoke, inhaled by non-smokers, increases a person’s chance of acquiring lung cancer (Beau Halton). Men who smoke increase their chance of dying from lung cancer about 23 times and women increase their chances 13 times (“Lung Cancer Awareness Campaign,'; 3/23/99). However, lung cancer may also be caused by long term exposure to radon, a naturally present radioactive gas (SIRS, “What is Cancer?';). The residue of burned petroleum and coal can contribute to lung cancer (Scientific American, “Lung Cancer';). The development of lung cancer seems to be also affected by genes. The gene histidine triad blocks the formation of tumors, so a defective gene could make one more likely to form a tumor (Microsoft, “Lung Cancer';). In the early stages of lung cancer, symptoms are hard to recognize. Symptoms usually include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, weight loss, chest or shoulder pain, swelling in the face or neck, shortness of breath, and a hoarse voice (Microsoft, “Lung Cancer';). Repeated cases of pneumonia, a virus in which the lungs become inflamed, or bronchitis, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchia tubes, may be warning signs for lung cancer (Scientific American, “Lung Cancer';).

Need and Everyday Life Essay

Doing skills in everyday life allows us to meet our individual needs We can maintain support for our clients in their life by discussing their needs with them and how they wont to tackle them. I work in a unit for severe learning disabilities and we discuss with parents and the client what they would like to achieve Through the days we work with the clients for them to be able to fulfil their needs and activities. Working alongside them allows them to be able to complete their tasks themselves; this takes a more person centred approach. The clients also feel a sense of pride in what they have achieved and satisfaction. We could do the tasks for the clients and take away their choice it could lead to the clients having behaviour problems, also in the long term they will lose skills they have will not be able to learn or regain skills. 1. 2 Analyse reasons why individuals may need support to maintain, regain or develop skills for everyday life You may find that in different stages of life people will have different problems that affect skills for everyday life One of the clients I work with has autism and shows different variants during different times of the year At Christmas time his behaviour turned quite aggressive and everyday tasks took a lot long and needed a lot more support. He also needed the support to understand how the behaviour is not socially accepted. He attends college on a regular basis but as his social skills is quite limited because of his condition and during these times he requires more support from carers to be able to cope in the situation and carry on with the course he enjoys. As he is doing this on a regular basis and getting to know the people support is beginning to get less We also have to remind him about hygiene on a regular basis and are encouraging him to wash his own clothes and prepare his own food giving him the opportunity to live partially independently. At Christmas this skills were lost through his behaviour and he needed continual support to relearn them We also have clients that have physical disabilities as well as learning disabilities; to be able to develop skills for everyday life they require support. A lot go swimming and have learnt to swim but to be able to do this activity they need the support of carers to take them there and change them. 1. 3 Explain how maintaining, regaining or developing skills can benefit individuals In doing this it will help with the wellbeing of the individual. Physical wellbeing will mean the client is feed, are clean and tidy and this will lower the risk of infection making them healthy and happy. They will gain Psychological wellbeing which will give them increased confidence and will think better of themselves They gain emotional wellbeing; they will be happy and not have periods of depression Social wellbeing is something else that will be found they will be able to feel part of a community and belong By assisting in everyday tasks we are able to create a environment were the client has is happy and therefore promote wellbeing. 2. 3 Analyse possible sources of conflict that may arise When planning and ways to resolve them In our setting we share decision making with the individual and try to get them and their family included in the care and care planning. We do get problems sometimes however in the clients wishes and preferences. We have had an occurrence were an individual wanted to take apart appliances and put them back together again, this was dangerous to him and others around him, we did have to remove the appliances for his own safety. How ever since we have built up better relationships with him and learnt to understand his needs. He now goes to college on a course that allows him to do this. You may get individuals that want an activity that is not on their care plan or you might try to carry out something that the client does not want, these could result to a risk to the individual and others as the above example did. The best way to resolve this is by developing trusting relationships, mutual respect and negotiating other ways of doing things as we did with the college course. 3. 3 Describe actions to take if an individual becomes Distressed or unable to continue We do find that some of our clients become distressed during activities due to the nature of their problems. We can take a number of actions if this does occur We can offer reassurance to the person, communicating is important explaining that you understand and that they are safe. Praise their achievements in the task they are completing. We also have people on hand that can advise or assist in these situations. They one thing we always do is make sure the client is safe. We can also suggest to stop the activity with the client and take them away from the situation

Racism and Gender Essay

Explore the intersection of racism and gender in contemporary Australia. In a place particularly like Australia recognised to be a multicultural country, ‘gender’ is targeted in race particular aspects and ‘race’ is experienced in gendered forms. This paper will elaborate on the intersection of racism and gender when both come into play as well as the role it presents in Australia of today’s society. Many literature discussions would imply that racism and gender fit in completely different categories from the other but as some authors argue, there are interconnections between the two. Elaboration of how racism is a form of discrimination is one circumstance and gender is another will be discussed throughout the paper in which it will highlight how both cases can be seen to bring a higher force of discrimination. Authors such as Pettman, Waters and Crooks look into the studies of gender and racism to find the pervasive influence on people of all background in contemporary Australia. Through studies of gender & racism, women in particular have been seen as usually marginal or invisible in society. Some writers illiterate on the experience of immigration and multiculturalism women confront while others would focus on women’s experience of the Second World War and their migration to Australia. In relation to power, gender could be displayed in different locations in accordance to being constituted (Pettman, 1991 pp. 53). Gender has often been bypassed to being a natural thing, therefore they are presumed to be vital in human thoughts. Pettman establishes the role of gender by highlighting the cultural differences within a male and female in the categories of masculinity and femininity in which what seems to be the most socially appropriate to society’s norms. She raises the questions, how minority women experience racism; and the ways different women face sexism? Pettman states that ‘Racism and sexism, even where connected, do not operate alone, but articulate and are articulated through structures of power in society’ (pp. 54). Although it is primarily stated that gender is more of a socially constructed term it is not biological, as ‘sex’ would be a more of a scientific term to it. While sex refers to more of physical attributes individuals hold, gender differences are by no extent categorised along with sex as both bear different connotations. In a community such as Australia, Women who are of non-Caucasian backgrounds and Indigenous Australian are shown to be highly disadvantaged when it comes to relations of poverty, employment, security and homing. Following the society of Aboriginals and migration of non-Caucasians to Australia, Pettman analyses the notion of the relations of gender prior to this. Passing throughout forms of social inequity, Non-Caucasians as well as Indigenous Australian are underrepresented in which interactions experienced in this case are multi-dimensional. Pettman emphasizes that ‘the rules, roles and practices are often fair towards them at many circumstances but are primarily in favor of dominant social interests’ (1991 pp. 6). In demonstrating that there is a racial construction for women in particular of ‘Indigenous’ background, they are treated differently especially when it comes to the caretaking of their own children. Mahoney points this out as being relevant to the ‘stolen generation’ in its analysis where it states that in Australia, it would be acceptable in the racial discourse that Caucasian women make better mothers for the children of ‘Indigenous’ background rather than the Indigenous mothers themselves (1997 pp. 91). Since the invasion affecting Aboriginal women, she argues its importance how social practice is taken into accordance in the examination of whiteness. With ‘Asians’ being present in Australia, they are not contradicted to being included as ‘Australian’ but rather their identity is more noted to be of an ‘outsider’ (pp. 294). The demonstration of women and racism illustrates the difference in subjectivity, experience, social relations and identity in women of contemporary Australia as a general notion. Women face sexism in a general context, but with the addition of racism, women of coloured and Indigenous Australian has a higher jeopardy of fronting discrimination and disadvantages through their experience. Pettman argues that ‘the notion of tradition Indigenous culture and society give justification for protection towards women and children of Indigenous background’ (1992, pp. 66). She details how Aboriginal women especially face certain dangers and are more vulnerable violence with connections to Australia’s a colinisation. Although both Indigenous and coloured women experience discrimination, they face significantly different circumstances of discrimination. Pettman implies how women of coloured (migrant women) experience many difficulties in employment in the work field with a disadvantage to people of Caucasian background (1992, pp. 60). In favor of who experiences the most racism, it is depicted that people of Asian and Muslim background experience higher levels of discrimination than most. In terms of experiencing racism, women of different culture face significantly different discriminations with accordance to their culture and background along with stereotypes. They generally had a higher level of unemployment and the concentration of them securing a job fits along the categories of low income jobs with poor and dangerous working conditions (pp. 61). Men may also experience sexism as it does not always favour the woman’s side every time. This may be because women have always been seen as the lesser and marginal class as compared to the men who are seen as the ‘alpha’ and the dominant leaders in society as Mahoney argues (1994, pp. 290). For example, a more dominant group of women can over empower a man whom is seen as the minority in which sexism coverts and attacks the man in this situation. Sexism not only displays a course of individual attitude but also is built into many social institutes but generally as a basis, it is often used in relation to the discrimination against the women in the term of patriarchy. This ranges things to the likes of gender stereotype where the characteristics and behavior of men and women as well and transgender all intervene with one another. A gender stereotype is a term utilized in which it elaborates the way ‘men and women should behave in a certain manner according to what society sees as the right thing or the wrong thing’ (Mahoney, 1994, pp. 291). The presence of men according to the relations of men is highly dominated by them in all societies. The domination of men is known as patriarchy where women are represented in a marginal level. McIntosh emphasizes the connotation of ‘White Privilege and Male Privilege’ stating that ‘whites are carefully taught not to recognize privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege’ (1997 pp. 291). With these ideas, it illustrates that the scuffle of women’s dealings with sexism and patriarchy further intricate the awareness of these conditions leading to the reconceptualisation of gender. Upon analyzing the data of racism and gender, there are many significant statistics which reflect upon women in ontemporary Australia. Woman compared to men are more disadvantage when it comes to employment in the workforce of labor as well as domestic sphere. Women tend to fill in the role of ‘mother’ which affects the outcome of their search for job employment. Men are capable of filling in the role of many job aspects which range from labor work to domestic sphere, where women are less likely to find a suiting job to labor and move t o areas of teaching, nursing and social services. Holmes states that ‘woman on an average basis earn 65% of what men would earn which leaves a gap difference of 35% between them’ as reported scientifically (2010 c. 11). Apart from men being filled in many jobs of labor employment, they are more geared towards the scientific and engineering areas, jobs that technically portray a higher wage income than those of social services in general where women are more inclined towards (c. 11). Pettman distributes the idea that ‘the â€Å"intersectionality† searches to seize the structural and dynamic magnitudes of both the basis collaboration of two or more forms of relating to discriminations or system of subordination’ (Pettman, 1992, pp. 70). She states consequently that in the way the manner is addressed, racism, patriarchy and economic disadvantages to name a few including many others all contribute in constructing layers of inequity positioning where men and women stand as well as other racial groups (pp. 70). Through Intersectionality, the recognition and connection of identity, particular races and gender are taken notice of. On an intersectional approach, asserts that look onto identity are considered indivisible aspects and also when speaking of gender and race it is taken into hand that the two subjects conjoined together establish a whole new subject to be discussed (pp. 72). Although it has always been looked passed that gender and race have always been distinguished as their own subject, nobody takes notice of what it could bring towards society if the two were to intervene and combine. The two elements of these topics picks weak points as well as the discriminations held against them into a different level of discrimination where women are targeted not only in the favor of sexism but also taking note of their background, beliefs and nationality individually (pp. 72). Theories of sexism and racism are brought up as a discussion topic in general as a kind of oppression and in a way they are compared to one another. In this circumstance, Pettman argues how ‘class, gender and ethnicity overlap each other’ (Pettman, 1992, pp. 57). In examining the connection between gender and racism, she notes how it puts a bigger emphasis upon institutional racism illustrating how it could do things such as drawing away the focus of the individual’s feelings and actions distributing it to social resources instead. Although institutional racism is solely based on rules, roles and practices, they more so favor the more dominant groups social interests which does not make it fair even though the idea of them sound fair (pp. 57). This comes directly towards multicultural groups whose interests are ideas are lesser as compared to more dominant groups such as the white society. This places a feel where institutionalized racism is more of a multidimensional and is comprised through communication with other sources relating to social inequity throughout contemporary Australia operating unofficially usually not in favor of rhetoric and authorized government laws (pp. 58). Through not only experiencing racism and sexism, this could escalate and lead to many further issues that are outside the specific category expanding to problems like crime, poverty and many more through a chain of events leading towards it. The shaping of the social media has been one of the biggest outlets in portraying racism and genders intersection throughout contemporary Australia. It comes in the form of being able to manipulate, communicate and influence people over the nation especially towards the participants who partake in the roles the social media plays the most. Individuals who pay less attention towards the social media are affected at some point as the form of communication through other people would eventually reach them at some point. Langton (1993) is one of the most notable Indigenous academic authors who illustrate the many important roles the film and media play in representing the construction of not only gender and sexuality but Aboriginality as well and how discrimination throughout Australia is reproduced in this manner. Langton (1993) notes how it is usually the norms of what society sees as mainstream social analysis turns them minor or ethnically determined. Often over a certain extent, while containing some elements of the truth masked behind the media, it tries to recognize iversity and qualify the overgeneralisations social theorising at many times encourage the conduct. Multiracial Feminism has been a topic of discussion not only in Australia but to the likes of globally as well. As it have always been throughout generation to generation and continuing on into the present, women especially of colour have always been placed in a situation where they have confront the hegemony of feminisms solely cons tructed by the criteria of middle-classed white women. Pettman (1991) highlights the need to challenge the system of domination, not by just the subjects of gender but throughout various hierarchies where the lives of women are impacted on because of the location they reside in (pp. 189). Within the constraints of oppressions of gender, race and class, women establish viable lives for not only themselves but their families and their communities as a whole also (pp. 190). The differences of women are systematically connected in many different ways where the relational nature of dominance and subordination is expressed through this manner where race is made an important element through the relations of white women and women in the marginal category. This composes of a large range of methodological approaches from the multiracial feminism which allows society to better understand the social world with the different groups of women within it as well where alternate ways of understanding these process’ are established (1991, pp. 92-193). It is coming to understand the term Pettman recounts that multiracial feminism is something that ‘brings together understandings influenced and drawn from the lived experiences of diverse and changing groups of women globally worldwide’ ( pp. 193). Woman of different nationalities are able to share their experiences and culture among others therefore this helps to bring multicultural and traditions whe re ever the location may be, as this is the path to contemporary Australia becoming much more diverse. Gender and racism as a whole context are expressed in many different ways throughout its intersection in contemporary Australia. Although the framework of these two or still an issue in our nation, it has always been so in the pass as well and unlikely to end with the recent matters taken into accordance. There have been various outcomes introduced to make the inequality terms equal for human beings as a whole as it only brings help to a marginal rule. There may be a possibility that the intersection of gender and racism within Australia may be rid of its context of discrimination but it must also be taken into context that human beings were born this way to find inequality, differences and variations among another. This is a uniquely discussed subject that will not disappear over the course of the next few days but takes an extremely large amount of effort to get rid off as for this subject to no longer exist, all humans not only within Australia but globally as well must work together in unity.