Source of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Source of Crime - Essay Example Chester (1976) considers relative deprivation as a cause of property crime. According to him, relative poverty, which arises from relative deprivation, is more â€Å"criminogenic† (p. 17) in nature than relative poverty. Lower class people get involved in crime against middle and upper classes, especially in areas where the middle or upper classes live close to the lower class people. This is because in such areas, middle and upper class values and lifestyle is more obvious, and lower class people see it as unfair. Hence, they get involved in crime. Property crime is one such crime that occurs from this easy contact with information about superior way of life. The discontent and frustration forces individuals to show criminal behavior, and thus they get indulged in crimes like burglary, theft, arson, and even murders. The need of the hour is that governments should make efforts to provide all citizens with sufficient base income, so that discontent and frustration among them c an be

How to Be a Successful Working Student Essay Example for Free

How to Be a Successful Working Student Essay How to Be a Successful Working Student To work while studying is something that will really stress you out if you don’t know how to manage your time and settle your priorities. Your life, your work, your relationships all seem to conspire to deny you the time needed to do the reading, the writing, and the classes needed to complete your course of study, or so it seems. However, it doesn’t mean that you have to punish yourself and neglect the enjoyment that is offered by student life. As for me, now that I have to balance my work and my studies, I follow some guiding principles so that as much as possible I would not sacrifice my performance in school and in my work. There are a lot of things to consider before I decide on how I will spend an hour, a minute, or a moment of my day but to manage time does not mean about getting more time, it is about using it more effectively. We can’t control time, but we can always settle what to do with it. Planning my day ahead and knowing what my limitations are, I try to follow a scheduled time so that I won’t be trapped in a situation that is already out of my control. And with other obligations, I know that I have less study time than those students who can spend full-time on study. So, I know that I have to maximize it. There are times here and there which I use to maximize my time. For example, reading a course material on the commute, during the meal break at work, while waiting for the class to start, or in other spare minutes. Since these pockets of times are short-spare time in between tasks, I make my reading materials in a handy format. Then, as much as possible, I try to connect with others. I know that I should not take it all by myself. A good way to combat stress and loneliness is to seek out the company of people whom you know you can have a good time and share your problems with. Those â€Å"pieces of gold†, or the positive and enjoyable moments could lift up my spirits and help me to begin to see things in a new and balanced way. And lastly, I learn to always see things positively. That is a rule of thumb, because if I allow myself to be consumed by negative thoughts, it will only leave me depressed and would not be able to cope up with what my schedule asks of me. To always ask GOD for guidance and acknowledging that I cannot do things by my own. I just always remind myself that I am a student who is working, not a worker who is studying. I always put my studies first before anything because I know that it is one thing that I can hold on in the long run. To work while studying is one opportunity that I know I should be thankful, so now that I am already in this situation and is handling more responsibility, I just see this as a chance to grow and become more of a better, mature person. Any working student may agree with me that it is really hard to balance school and work, so to those who are committing their time fully to their studies, do not envy us when we receive our salaries. Just be grateful because time cannot be bought. That’s one thing that I have learned since I started to become a working student.

Reflection on Care Interventions and Decision Making

Reflection on Care Interventions and Decision Making Reflective evaluation of care interventions and clinical decision making. Introduction This essay is a reflective examination of a care episode in the domain of mental health nursing, in relation to the processes of nursing decision making, clinical reasoning, and processes associated with patient care planning and management. The reflection on elements or aspects of care, or on specific clinical experiences, is an important part of nurse development and ongoing professional practice (Rolfe, 2005). Reflection is more than simply looking back at experiences and incidents, it is a process of making sense of them, understanding all the dimensions of an experience, and using information, evaluation and analysis to improve future practice (Hargreaves, 2004). It is, therefore, about learning from experiences, as much as learning about experiences (Gibbs, 1988; Kolb, 1984). Although reflection is known to be, at times, an imperfect means of reviewing practice, because there is always the possibility of biased reflection, or poor memory (Jones, 1995), it is a means of allowing student nurses and qualified nurses to ask questions about their practice and look at it in the light of knowledge and evidence. Using reflection, this essay will attempt to examine the care of an older adult with dementia, in order to examine the elements of clinical decision making and clinical reasoning in relation to their care and the management of care for them in the longer term. As such, it will also look at elements of care planning for this patient, and the processes which surrounded a key clinical decision, which is about place of care for the designated patient, who will be described below. The essay will be based within the framework of Gibbs (1988) cycle of reflection, which provides a structure and guideline for constructive reflection and allows practitioners to develop action plans for future practice improvement (see Appendix). The essay will present the case history and summary of the client’s clinical/health status, and then will follow the structure of the Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle. It will conclude with the action plan and a brief conclusion of the arguments developed throughou t the essay. Case History/Summary The patient, whose name has been changed to protect confidentiality, is Arthur, a 69 year old man who was admitted to a general medical ward three weeks ago with pneumonia. Arthur is married to Anne, who is also 69, and both are retired teachers. Arthur was diagnosed with vascular dementia three years ago, and his health, and in particular, his symptoms of dementia, have been steadily worsening since that time. Anne is his chief carer, and gets regular support and help from their two children, a daughter, who is a full time clerical worker, and a son, who is married and lives an hour’s drive away from his parents. Anne and Arthur live in their own home, where they have lived since they were married 47 years ago. Arthur’s symptoms are memory loss and dysfunction, apathy, fatigue, withdrawal, fixation on routines, communication difficulties, and ‘wandering’. Arthur is accustomed to regular social activities at the local Home Guard club, some of which Anne attends with him, and also to going into the local shopping area most days to buy a paper. Anne has to help him with the majority of his activities of daily living. His appetite has decreased, and he needs assistance with dressing, hygiene and other self-care activities. Anne helps him manage his medication. He has a history of essential hypertension, which is managed with anti-hypertensive medication. Arthur developed pneumonia following a viral infection, and was admitted with dyspnoea, pyrexia and increased confusion, alongside dehydration. He was treated on a medical ward, and during this time was reviewed by an occupational therapist, social work liaison, and by the mental health team, as well as his medical team. His pneumonia responded well to antibiotic therapy, and he received nutritional supplements and assistance with some of his activities of daily living. Reflection Description: What Happened Arthur’s physical health improved sufficiently for the medical team to determine that he was ready for discharge from the medical ward. Initially, the discharge plan was straightforward, and had been commenced on admission, and finalised by the nursing team looking after Arthur, under the leadership of his named nurse. Arthur was to be discharged home to his own home, with community nursing involvement. However, because of his degenerative condition, and his current state of health and wellbeing, one of the nurses on the team objected to this plan, and decided that it might be time to consider the best place of care for Arthur in the longer term. In the light of her referral to the medical consultant, and to the primary care nurse consultant, a full case conference and multidisciplinary review was called to review the discharge plan. A number of professionals were present: occupational therapy, a social worker, his named nurse, the nurse who had instigated the case conference, the Nurse Practitioner, a representative of the mental health team, and the author, along with Arthur’s Registrar and SHO. Each professional presented their case, and discussed Arthur’s current state of health, and the support, care and input he needed. Because of his increasing debilitation, reports of his wandering behaviours on the ward, and his increasing dependence on carers, it was decided that Arthur should not be discharged home, but instead a place should be found in an EMI nursing home, where he could receive the level of support believed to be necessary for him. It was agreed that a nursing home close to his own home would be chosen, so that his wife would be able to visit him, but the home found for him was seven miles away from their home, and when his wife was informed of his place of care after discharge, she was upset. She wanted Arthur at home with her, and insisted that she could cope with his care. She also explained that the care facility they proposed was not on an easily accessible bus route, and it would take two buses and a considerable amount of time to travel from her hom e to visit him. Despite this, she was informed that the best place for him now was a nursing home, because his safety was at risk, and eventually, it was agreed that he be discharged to this nursing home as soon as a room became available. Feelings: What Were You Thinking and Feeling. My feelings were very much around empathy with Arthur’s wife, who wanted Arthur discharged to his familiar home environment, but also a sense of concern for Arthur, for his safety and wellbeing, and for the burden that his care was placing on his wife. However, I also felt quite strongly that she should have been included in the case conference. I also felt that Arthur should have been consulted about where he preferred to be discharged to. Although he had poor communication, there were times when he was able to appear at least aware of his surroundings and circumstances, and I felt that someone should have tried to get his thoughts and feelings on where he would go after discharge. I felt that the multidisciplinary team was working effectively, that they were communicating openly and professionally about the care, but that they still did not quite seem to see Arthur as a person, a whole person, with a life, a family, and his own preferences. Instead, I felt that they saw him predominantly in terms of the problems he posed for care services. And I felt that this was not necessarily the best ethos to underpin such a significant, life-changing decision. Evaluation: What Was Good and Bad about the Experience. Positive aspects of the experience included the insight I gained into a multidisciplinary team case conference, in which all the professionals concerned were not only well prepared and well meaning, but eager to listen to each other, to listen to people’s experiences of caring for Arthur, and to debate the whys and wherefores of his case and the discharge decision. Attitudes towards Arthur were positive, in terms of focusing on his wellbeing, safety, and prognosis, as well as focusing on the wellbeing of his wife and main carer. However, negative aspects of this were chiefly the exclusion of Anne and Arthur from the case conference, and the lack of the presence of a member of the community nursing team, or Arthur’s GP, or anyone who actually understood his home circumstances properly. It seemed to me that no one was able to really state with certainty what his home circumstances were like. I also felt that the team should have considered the effects on Anne of ‘losing’ her husband’s presence in her home, because this could have consequences for her emotional, social and even financial wellbeing. While Arthur is their primary concern, if they had seen him and his wife in terms of the realities of their lives together, this might have affected their decision. Analysis: What Sense Can You Make of the Situation? Providing care for the older adult who has a diagnosis of dementia, whatever kind, is difficult and challenging, because the disorder affects so many aspects of their lives, not just their ability to take care of themselves. The NSF for Older People (DoH, 2001) clearly states that all care for the older adult should be based on person-centred care principles, looking at the individual needs, and looking at the person in context of their social life and home life. However, because the older adult is more likely to have a number of concurrent health problems (Grabbe et al, 1997), providing care to meet all the needs of the patent can be very challenging. The literature suggests that despite the Governmental guidance, and the ongoing drive to improve care for the older population, standards of care for this sector are still not as good as they should be (Helme, 2007). This suggests that there are still considerable improvements to be made in the ways that such people are cared for, and the kinds of decisions made and treatment choices offered for them (Redfern and Ross, 2001). Dementia is a difficult disease to plan care around, because it has so many manifestations, and for different reasons. It is a very prevalent disorder in the older population (DoH, 2001). According to Helme (2007) more than 50% of elderly people in nursing homes, and an equivalent number of elderly patients who are admitted to hospitals, have dementia. This poses a considerable burden on health and social care. But the NSF also argues that it is vital that older people’s dignity is preserved and prioritised within these healthcare services (DoH, 2001), and if this is the case, then the kinds of decisions made about their place of care, as in the case of Arthur, should be decisions that are about their dignity, and their autonomy. It could be, in this case, that the balance between preserving Arthur’s autonomy at home, and between protecting his dignity (he has been known to wander out of the house in his underwear, or get lost in town), has brought the team to their dec ision. If the team are practising patient centred care, or person-centred care, then Arthur’s wellbeing would be the reason for the decision. However, this is not always the case, and it could be that the decision has been made based on what is likely to cause the least amount of strain on the community health and social care services (Dellasega and Fisher, 2001). There is some evidence in the healthcare literature that many healthcare professionals continue to have innate prejudices or stereotypes of elderly patients (Gunderson et al, 2005). If this is the case, then Arthur may be being judged based on his diagnosis, and on preconceptions about his current clinical/mental state, rather than on a holistic picture of his whole life and his social context. There are those who would argue that making this decision for Arthur is the wrong course of action, because he has been functioning well at home prior to hospital admission for a medical problem, and there is no reason why he could not carry on with the same level of support for the time being (Hoare, 2004). However, it might be that this admission to hospital has been the first time that such a large team of healthcare professionals from different disciplines has had the opportunity to assess Arthur’s current health status and healthcare needs, and this is what has led to this decision (Fielo, 1998). It might be, for example, the first time the true impact of Arthur’s condition on the activities of daily living has been observed (Farley et al, 2006). However, it is also important to remember that as a patient with Dementia, Arthur is likely to behave very differently in a hospital setting than he would in a familiar home environment, and so this assessment may not be based on how he usually manages his daily life (Zarit and Zarit, 2007). However, if the professionals involved believe that the complexity of Arthur’s needs are such that the easiest place for Arthur to be cared for is within a nursing home environment (Miller et al, 1996), this might be the reason for the decision, perhaps in relation to an awareness of local resou rces and availability of certain support services for Arthur (Eloniemi-Sulkava et al, 2001). The process of discharge planning is one which still seems something of a mystery, despite the clear communication between the multidisciplinary team. It is apparent from the literature on the subject that discharge planning conferences can be difficult, and for many health professionals and patients, it can be hard to get your opinion across and make sure that this opinion, or observation, is taken seriously (Efraimsson et al, 2006). Certainly, I felt that I could not voice my opinion during this conference, and yet in hindsight I feel that I should have done so, because I really feel that the most important people were missing from the case conference. The voice of Arthur was not there, perhaps because the team believed he would not be able to communicate effectively (Efraimsson et al, 2004), but Anne should definitely have been involved, as his wife and primary carer (DoH, 2001). The literature shows that lack of involvement in discharge planning, particularly when significant decisions are being made such as this, disempowers patients and their families and can have detrimental effects on health and wellbeing (Efraimsson et al, 2003). Leaving Anne out of this decision may have an impact on her health and wellbeing, including her mental and emotional health, and if she had been involved, she might have come to the same conclusions that the team had, rather than just having them make a rather paternalistic decision without consulting her (Redfern and Ross, 2001). Conclusion: What Else Could you Have Done? One conclusion that I have reached through examining this case, is that it is important to question care decisions and clinical decision making processes, even if you are in the minority (Daly, 1998). In this situation, I felt disempowered, and I am sure that it might have been the case that Anne would have felt quite challenged to be part of the conference, but it should have been opened up to include her and to give her a chance to voice her own thoughts and feelings, and provide the insight into Arthur’s health, wellbeing and home life that was lacking from the conference. Another conclusion I have reached is that while multidisciplinary conferences are important, there can still be underlying personal agendas, or prejudices, and so focusing on a person-centred model of care and discharge planning is important. Also, it might be that the label of dementia has been colouring everyone’s reactions and making them lean towards nursing home care because of what they know about dementia, rather than because of what they know about Arthur. I should have raised the questions that I had, and been more proactive. I also felt that they could have referred more explicitly to the available guidelines, such as the NSF (DoH, 2001), and the local policies and guidelines on discharge planning, and on social care planning. There should have been community nurses or Arthur’s GP involved in the discharge conference. I should have raised these points, and perhaps referred to the appropriate guidance, or asked for it. Action Plan: If it arose again, what would you do? I would ensure that the patient and their primary carers were included in the discharge planning conference, that their preferences, experiences and opinions were sought, and that these were incorporated into the clinical decision making process. I would gather together all available policies, guidance and governance documents relating to the case. I would also seek out and gather together as much of the evidence base as possible relating to the patient’s care, in order to make a more reasoned decision. I would make sure that the community health professionals who had been involved in Arthur’s care up to the point of his admission to hospital were also involved in the discharge conference. This would mean that a more realistic picture of his needs was presented. I would include detailed information about an alternative plan of care and social support for Arthur, one which included realistic assessments of available resources and impact on current care provision. I would make sure that the impact of this admission on Anne and her home situation was also considered in making the final decision. I would also attempt to ensure that the discharge plan included identification and mobilisation of resources and support services for Anne as well as for Arthur. Conclusion It would appear from this reflection that a significant decision making process such as this, even when many good principles are adhered to, is complex and difficult, and it is important to make sure that all aspects of the client’s needs are being met, not just their safety and medical/social care needs. Decisions such as this cannot be made without the full picture and without considering alternatives to what might appear to be the easiest solution. References 213569 Daly, W..M. (1998) Critical thinking as an outcome of nursing education. What is it? Why is it important to nursing practice? Journal of Advanced Nursing 28 (2) 323-331. Department of Health (2001) The National Service Framework for Older People Available from www.dh.gov.uk. Accessed 10-11-08. Dellasega CA. Fisher KM (2001) Posthospital home care for frail older adults in rural locations. Journal of Community Health Nursing. 18(4): 247-60. Draper, B. Low, L. (2005). What is the effectiveness of acute hospital treatment of older people with mental disorders? International Psychogeriatrics, 17, 539-555 Efraimsson, E., Sandman, P. Hyden, L-C., and Rasmussen, B.H. (2006). How to get one’s voice heard: the problems of the discharge planning conference. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53 (6) 646-655. Efraimsson, E., Rasmussen, B.H., Gilje, F. and Sandman, P. (2003) Expressions of power and powerlessness in discharge planning: a case study of an older woman on her way home. Journal of Clinical Nursing 12 707-716. Efraimsson, E., Sandman, P. Hyden, L-C., and Rasmussen, B.H. (2004). Discharge planning: ‘fooling ourselves?’ – patient participation in conferences. Journal of Clinical Nursing 13 562-570. Eloniemi-Sulkava, U., Notkola I.L., Hentinen, M. et al (2001) Effects of supporting community-living demented patients and their caregivers: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 49(10):1282-7. Farley, A., McLafferty, E. and Hendry, C. (2006) The physiological effects of ageing on the activities of living. Nursing Standard 20(45) 46-52. Fielo, S. B. (1998) Discharge Planning for the Elderly: A Guide for Nurses. Nursing and Health Care Perspectives Volume 19(2) 94-95. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing. A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods Further Education Unit, Oxford Polytechnic, Oxford Gould, D., Berridge, E-J. And Kelly, D. (2007) The National Health Service Knoweldge and Skills Framework and its implications for continuing professional development within nursing. Nurse Education Today 27 26-34. Grabbe, L., Demi, A., Camann, M.A. and Potter, L. (1997) The health status of elderly persons in the last year of life: a comparison of deaths by suicide, injury an natural causes. American Journal of Public Health 87 (3) 434-437. Gunderson, A., Tomkowiak, J., Menachemi, N. and Brooks, M.D. (2005) Rural physicians’ attitudes toward the elderly: evidence of ageism? Quality Management in Health Care 14 (3) 167-176. Hargreaves, J. (2004) â€Å"So how do you feel about that? Assessing reflective practice.† Nurse Education Today 24 (3) 196-201. Hoare K. (2004) Care home placement: can admission direct from acute hospital be justified? Nursing Older People. 16(6): 14-17. Jones, P.R. (1995) Hindsight bias in reflective practice: an empirical investigation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 21 (4) 783–788. Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning London: Prentice Hall. Miller, J., Neelon, V., Dalton. J. et al (1996) The assessment of discomfort in elderly confused patients: a preliminary study. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 28 (3) 175-182. Redfern, S.J. and Ross, F.M. (2001) Nursing Older People. Third edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Rolfe, G. (2005) The deconstructing angel: nursing, reflection and evidence-based practice Nursing Inquiry 12 (2), 78–86. Zarit, S.H. and Zarit, J. M. (2007) Mental disorders in older adultsfundamentals of assessment and treatment. New York: The Guildford Press. Gibbs (1988) Cycle of Reflection http://www.nursesnetwork.co.uk/images/reflectivecycle.gif

Pearl Harbor :: American History World War 2 WWII

Of the years following the arrival of Captain James Cook, Pearl Harbor was not considered a suitable harbor due to shallow water. The interest of the United States Government in the Sandwich Islands followed the adventurous voyages of its whaling and trading ships in the Pacific. As early as 1820, an "Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen" was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu. With the cementing of commercial ties with the American continent, another factor to be considered was the endeavors of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. This was particularly true when the American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian body politic. With the exception of a few episodes, American prestige tended to increase in the islands. One of these was the affair of Lieutenant John Percival in 1826 which illustrates some of the high-handed tactics of that time. When his ship, USS Dolphin, had arrived in Honolulu, an ordinance had just been passed, inspired by the missionaries, placing restrictions on the sale of alcoholic liquors and the taking of women aboard vessels in the Honolulu Harbor. Lieutenant Percival and members of his crew felt that the new vice laws were unfair and with more than a mere threat of force had them rescinded. This act, it must be said, was later renounced by the United States and resulted in the sending of an envoy to King Kauikeaouli. When Captain Thomas ap Catesby Jones arrived, in command of the USS Peacock, he was the first naval officer to visit Hawaii armed with instructions to discuss international affairs with the Hawaii King and Chiefs, and to conclude a trade treaty. In spite of the Percival incident, American influence in the islands was steadily increasing. Throughout the 1820's and 1830's, many American warships visited Honolulu. In most cases the commanding officers carried letters with them from the U.S. Government; all sympathetically friendly toward the Hawaiian sovereign and, as a rule, giving advice concerning the conduct of governmental affairs and of the relations of the island nation with foreign powers. In 1841, the weekly periodical, Polynesian, printed in Honolulu, advocated editorially that the U.S. establish a naval base in Hawaii. Its pretext was the protection of the interest of American citizens engaged in the whaling industry. The pro-British Hawaiian minister, R.C. Wyllie, remarked in 1840 that ". .

Life-Based Leadership Principles from Jack Welch Essay

During the hundreds of millions of years of natural evolution on this planet, survival has always been a continuous challenge for living creatures. It has recently to come into light that in the past four million years, there have been scores of human species on the earth, besides us homo sapiens. However, all of these various human-like beings including the Neanderthal man perished in the course of evolution; we humans have outlived all of them. We have emerged as the true survivors. We are the last â€Å"man† standing. However, in the whole history of the world, survival could have never been as tough as it is in today’s world of big business. It is an ever-changing, dizzingly fast-paced, intensely competitive and danger-saturated environment out there. There are many survivors and many winners in this arena, of course. Of all such exceptional people in the recent decades, there is one man who stands out as a celebrated icon of leadership and business success. And it is none other than Jack Welch of GE, arguably the finest CEO in the latter half of the twentieth century. Speaking from a broad perspective, he is not just an exemplary business leader, but a hero, a survivor, a symbol of the triumph of man. Jack Welch is a man who believed that each individual should control his or her own destiny. Welch sums up his conviction thus: â€Å"†Today, I see winning as people defining their objectives and fulfilling them, not being a victim. You define where you want to go, and then you go for it† (Knowledge@Wharton) And from the depth of this belief perhaps sprang the secret of his greatness. Starting from the early Eighties, Jack Welch, CEO of the General Electric Corporation, has led his company through one of the most revolutionary and far-reaching changes ever witnessed in modern business history. Having taken GE with a market capitalization of about $12 billion, Jack Welch turned it into one of the largest and most admired companies in the world, with a market value of about $500 billion, when he stepped down as its CEO 20 years later, in 2000. Although Jack Welch was the legendary leader of a global manufacturing giant noted for its technological might and superiority, he has utilized a very human process to drive change through GE’s vast organization. He honoured the individual above all, and the humanity of the individual. To him, the individual was the pivotal force in bringing about organizational change. And for the major part of his immensely successful career at the helm of GE he relentlessly embraced change. It was change that made GE businesses leaders in their markets, added profitable, productive businesses to GE’s family, and tapped the brains of knowledgeable employees. Welch worked for change, and change worked for him. Jack Welch of course knew how difficult change could be. Nevertheless he viewed change as his only real chance to transform GE into the kind of top-notch competitive enterprise that he wanted it to be. Only through continuously undergoing massive changes, GE could win, and Jack Welch firmly believed in winning. He wanted to be a winner. And winners were not afraid to make changes. However, pursuit of change, empowerment of individuals, and such principles are only part of a broder human-centric principles of successful leadership in which Jack Welch passionately believed in. Welch’s original approach to management and leadership, which proved so successful in transforming GE could be summed up unders six heads: Control your destiny, or someone else will. Welch’s first maxim became the title of a semi-autobiographic bestseller that described the revolution at GE. The basic approach that Welch followed to carry out a dramatic revolution at GE was to trust the individual and let him or her believe in their own desitiny. Welsh believed in delegating authority freely, fairly and responsibly, within the company. In a general context, however, while no mere human being can have absolute control over his or her destiny, the point is to take total personal responsibility for one’s own life and actions, and assume intelligent control of the course of things. 2. Face reality as it is, not as it was or as you wish it were. Facing reality is tough. Facing reality means looking directly into suffering, failure, inadequacy of ourselves, others, and the world, something which we human beings are programmed to avoid. When corporations do not face simple realities, however, such as their products costing more to produce and being worthless than those of their competitors, market share and profits drop, the company and its employees suffer. Welch saw all these things happening at GE. Only when we are ready to honestly examine ourselves and acknowledge our shortcomings, will we be able to do anything about them. Acceptance can lead to transformation. 3. Be candid with everyone. Traditional wisdom says that honesty is the best policy. This home-spun truth has great relevance in today’s hyper-modern corporate settings. Welch strove to create an atmosphere at GE where people could effortlessly speak up to somebody â€Å"in authority,† who could then do something about their problems. It is an atmosphere, it is in the air of GE. Welch himself regularly spoke with front-line employees on the plant floor. Welch was equally open to hear both the good and bad things about GE. Honesty, sincerity and candor: they have their own rewards. â€Å"In a bureaucracy, people are afraid to speak out. This type of environment slows you down, and it doesn’t improve the workplace,† says Jack Welch. He therefore calls for promoting a corporate culture that appreciates and rewards honest feedback. â€Å"You reinforce the behaviors that you reward. If you reward candor, you’ll get it. † 4. Don’t manage, lead. Welch abhorred a strictly hierarchical type of management built on the concept of control. To Welch, managers should become leaders who show the way to other people by inpsiring and motivating them. Instead of controlling and exploiting workers, leaders should liberate and empower them. Do not push and pull your employees at every opportunity, gently guide them towards greater possibility. Welch’s leadership philosophy continues to be very simple: empower others, ask questions, tap into the potential of all of your associates, choose integrity and candor over charts, graphs, and politics, and spend more time in action instead of planning and posturing budgets. 5. Change before you have to. That is to say, proactivity. One has to be able to look ahead and predict changes that future is going to necessitate. In the context of a business organization, it is far better to change early those things in a company that need to be changed to stay competitive, when there is still plenty of time, rather than forcibly having to change them later when an adverse reality in form of failure and loss thrusts itself in the face of the organization. Welch was fond of yelling across the table at meetings, â€Å"Change, before it’s too late! † 6. If you don’t have a competitive advantage, don’t compete. Welch often quoted his business maxim that every division at GE had to be â€Å"number one or number two† or get out of that specific business. In the 1980s, Welch was convinced that inflation would soon become rampant thereby slowing down economic growth. The elimination of the old-line businesses was not going to be an easy job in terms of loss of jobs and lowering of morale that it implied. But Welch had to do what he had to do. The â€Å"Number 1 or number 2† philosophy – as ruthless as it sounds – had been critical for GE to grow and survive in the modern world.

Role of education in a developed country

Ads not by this site About the role of education in a developed country. Over the years, mankind has recognized the need of maintaining an educated civilization as being part of the patterns and orders of evolution. It is fairly safe to say that without education there cannot be any progress on a social, moral as well as economic scale. Knowledge and culture are the basic elements to a thriving and prosperous society. From a social point of view, education is a matter of acquiring the ability to adapt to demanding situations.Due to the continual change in modern means of living there has been an increased number of social issues needing to be dealt with. As a rule, the more articulate our need to prosper, the more detrimental we find ourselves to react to negative stimuli. Thus education supports us in developing the necessary mental capacity of overcoming such internal conflicts. For instance, a narrow-minded person has the tendency of reacting in a violent and self- deprecating way , while a broad-minded one will discover solutions to problems nstead of aggravating them.From a moral point of view though, education still stands as a major influence on both the form and content of our society. Clearly, we develop a mutual understanding of the unspoken rules which are at the very essence of a nation. To cast some light on the issue of moral values, teachers instigate in their students the importance of education in relation to personality development. In effect, Ireland is a great model of a healthy educational system, thus being one of the ost highly regarded nations on behalf of teaching methods.However, education does not only clear the path towards a brighter society, but it also enhances the opportunities and chances of citizens to find a stable working place. The unemployment rate is lower in developed countries than in illiterate ones such as the African villages. All of this being due to the higher level of knowledge. In other words, the more educated a n ation, the higher the chances of important discoveries taking place.Also, it has been proven that educated people have a lesser chance of contracting mental illnesses. To conclude, there is enough evidence to support the view that a country is more prosperous and thriving than other ones as long as the level of education among its population is above the average. As Horace Mann said â€Å"A human being is not attaining his full heights until he is educated. â€Å"

HOST BACTERIAL INTERACTION Essay

HOST BACTERIAL INTERACTION Essay HOST BACTERIAL INTERACTION Essay Approaches to studying bacterial host interactions What they really tell us www.inhabitat.com TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i 1 INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 2 HOST-BACTERIA INTERACTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 2.1 BENEFICIAL AND NON BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 3 DEFENSE SYSTEM: HOST AND BACTERIA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..2 3.1 HOST DEFENSE SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3.2 BACTERIAL DEFENSE SYSTEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 4 CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 5 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 1 INTRODUCTION â€Å"Bacteria are classified as microscopic unicellular prokaryotic organisms categorized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. There are considered the only form of life on earth for 2.5 million years. They are embossed with molecules that are unique to them not found in animal cell. They are also further classified as either Gram positive or Gram negative which endow them with variable features such as virulence factor.† Bacteria are extraordinarily pliable to various environmental conditions as can be seen in the forms of life, including the human body they invade. Bacteria are steadily associated with the body surfaces of animals. The human body harbors many bacterial cells on its external surfaces and internal surfaces. Such surfaces includes the gastrointestinal tract which harbors the larger number of bacterial colony than there are human cells that make up the animal. They can also be found thriving in extreme places such as depths of ocean, in arctic ice and glaciers, in hot spring.† [1] 2 HOST- BACTERIAL INTERACTION â€Å"Host-bacteria interaction are communication going on between pathogen and their host. This interaction borders on the ability of these pathogens to establish themselves in places devoid of the hosts normal flora. Bacterium have evolved to adapt in their host and also devised ways to combat the threats posed by the environment. They are able to withstand this threat by controlling the host through precise modulations and the use of their virulence factor. The end result of the relationship between a human host and a pathogen, be it in association with the normal flora or an exogenous pathogen, depends on specific point of interest to both the host and the pathogen.† [2] 2.1 BENEFICIAL AND NON BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIP â€Å"Some bacterial are in beneficial relationship with their host. These bacteria are called normal floral and in counting, they account for and are more abundant than the non-beneficial ones. Beneficial bacterial also constitute first line of defense because they prevent the establishment of bacteria colonies. In the gastrointestinal tract comprises of more than one trillion beneficial bacteria, mostly microorganisms that are anaerobes, which can survive in the absence of oxygen. The vast majority of these bacteria inhabit the large intestine, or colon, where they are restricted to its walls away from other parts of the body. In the intestine, these bacterium assists in the fermentation of indigestible fiber in the food, breaking it down into smaller molecules that are degraded and passed out as feces. On the other hand, non-beneficial as the name implies are the exact opposite of beneficial bacterium. These are pathogenic ones that are harmful to their host and can maneuver through the barriers of normal floral, bypass the epithelia barrier and make it straight to the bloodstream where they cause disease for the host. What sets them apart from the normal floral can be found in their gene which confers on them their virulence factor. While we develop the normal floral after birth, pathogens can make it into their host through different ports of entry. Some make it in through the mouth and to the intestines and cause

International Involvement Paper

International Involvement Paper Introduction During the first half of the 19th Century, America experienced no major involvement in international affairs. Most of the American expansion during this period was towards its bordering lands which were occupied and readily became part of the US. The last half of the 19th Century saw America’s expansion into possessions that were separate from the American continent. The United States was now joining a league of other countries, such as, France and Germany that were scrambling for the control of the underdeveloped world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Involvement Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imperialist America The period between 1890 and 1905 saw the US become an aggressive imperialist state. America engaged herself in several international affairs including her involvement with Hawaii and Samoa islands, the war with Spain and controversies over Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippine (Brinkley, 2007: 559). Fear of dwindling natural resources was among the factors that motivated international involvement. Other drivers included the American politicians’ aggressive push for a foreign policy to address the bloody labor disputes amongst other humanitarian courses and foreign trade. Hawaii and Samoa The involvement with Hawaii is among the earliest of the American international involvement. The island of Hawaii served as a very important way station for the ships belonging to America in its trade with china. America wanted to establish a permanent base for the Navy and Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. The number of Americans settled in Hawaii was also increasing and by late 1880s were dominating the Hawaiian economy and politics (Brinkley, 2007:442). These events were exerting pressure on the native Hawaiians who saw Americans as wrestling power from them. American penetration into this island state started as early as 1790 when the first Americ an set foot in Hawaii. Since then, many merchants, missionaries and planter settled in Hawaii and began devastating the society. In 1887, America opened a naval base at the Pearl Harbor. By 1890, most sugar plantations in Hawaii were owned by the Americans who depended on immigrant Asian workers. The rise of a powerful Hawaiian queen into the throne in 1890 who challenged American dominance resulted in the lifting of the privilege granted to Hawaiian sugar in international trade. This action by the US greatly hurt the economy of the Hawaii islands prompting American planters in Hawaii to conclude that the only option for them was to join the US. In 1898, Hawaii was fully adopted and became part of the US. During the period beginning in 1878, America was eyeing the island of Samoa with an aim of establishing a naval base at Pago Pago harbor. America successfully convinced Samoan administration to sign a treaty that granted US permission to establish a station at Pago Pago in exchange for the American arbitration of any difference that would arise between Samoa and any other nation.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Samoa also attracted other powers who were also interested in controlling her harbors. Great Britain and Germany too secured treaties that enabled them get privileges from Samoa. After a long intrigues between the three powers, Samoa was divided between the US and Germany with the US retaining Pago Pago harbor. The Spanish-American war The war between the US and Spain arose as a result of events happening in Cuba. Cuba was under the rule of Spain and since1868 fought in a bid to attain independence. Cubans again took arms in 1895 complaining of Spanish misrule. Both the Spanish and the Cubans side and the outcomes were devastating. Spain established concentration camps where civilians were confined and died in their thousands due to malnutri tion and diseases. This time round, the conflict received much attention from the press and shocked Americans sensibilities. Cuban immigrants flocked into the US and gave strong support to a party based in New York and also supported Cuba’s bid for independence. The rise to power of President McKinley in 1897 set the war into action (Brinkley, 2007:549). McKinley strongly protested the uncivilized and inhuman conduct of the Spaniards in Cuba. Fearing reprisal, the Spaniards agreed to modify conditions in the camps and to grant Cuba semi autonomy. However, a letter written by a Spanish minister and the blowing up of an American battleship in Havana harbor ignited hostility from America (Walter, 1963:425). Though at first McKinley was reluctant to go into war, there was push by others in his administration. A declaration for war was received in April 1898 leading into the ‘splendid little war’ as john Hay, the America secretary of state called it. The war started i n April and was over in august 1898 and gave the Americans the victory. The major reason for this fast success was because the Spanish were already weakened by the Cuban resistance. Immediately war over Cuba was over, the Americans the wrestled Puerto Rico and the Philippines from the Spanish rule. Conclusion 1890s was a very significant period in the American history as she plunged herself in international affairs. This era saw America acquire several overseas colonies. It was a period of the American imperialism that initially took the form of humanitarianism intervention. It is worth noting that the purpose of this international intervention was initially unclear. America became a new voice in international affairs and her decisions were listened to by other world powers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Involvement Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Brinkley, A. (2007). Ameri can History: A survey, 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Walter, F. (1963). The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. New York: Cornell University Press.

Business Studies Easter Project Essay Example for Free

Business Studies Easter Project Essay As you probably already know Asda is one of the leading food superstores in Britain today. Asda is part of the Wal-Mart group however before this Asda was on its own. Asda has been part of the Wal-Mart retailers since 1999. Asda was formed in 1965 by a group of farmers from Yorkshire, today Asda has 245 stores, with 19 depots across the U.K. Asda’s aim is to sell its products 10-15% cheaper than its main competitors. Asda sells a variety of products including fresh food, grocery, clothing, home, leisure and entertainment goods. In my report I have gained my information form the Asda website and I also interviewed the store manager of the Asda store in Longsight. In my report I will discuss the following performance indicators: Labour Turnover, Labour Productivity, Absenteeism and the Morale of workers. Asda has recently been valued at being worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.3 billion, which includes all its assets. Anyway I think that it will be too complicated to discuss the performance indicators on such a large scale. This is why I am going to just concentrate on the performance of the Asda store in Longsight. When I asked Sue (the manager) if labour turnover was high, she replied by saying that it is an average level. (i.e. not too high and not too low). I then said to her that this must mean that staff must feel demotivated and therefore leave. She replied by saying that it was because they employed a lot of young students and this was the reason for a lot of people leaving because they couldn’t fit the shifts in with their work. I believe that this means that although labour turnover is high, it is not an extremely bad point. When we discussed the labour productivity of the workers, she said that the staff, work very hard in every department whether it is the deliveries, clothing, music or work on the checkout. Many products were sold in each department but obviously some were sold much more than others. The labour productivity really determines how many products are sold, as items are obviously not being produced at the store they are being sold there. She also mentioned that everyday there are at least 2 people who are around the store to just help customers or provide tasters of foods. I believe that this helps to increase productivity, because customers may feel more welcome and more sales may be made. I then asked what the turnover of the store was each day. Sue replied by saying that on the weekends they generally make more money and she said that last Saturday they had a turnover of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500,000. I believe that this clearly shows that labour productivity is high at the Asda store in Longsight. I then went on to talk about absenteeism. Sue said that this was generally low without any notice, and that there were hardly any people who didn’t give notice when they were going to have a day off. But she also said that absenteeism was a good point because it gives workers a change because they can swap shifts with one another. I agree and believe absenteeism with notice is not so bad. Sue said the the morale of workers was generally high. She said that staff were paid at a time rate starting from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.15 per hour. The following incentives could be motivating factors for the staff at Asda: Tell the team- putting your ideas across ABCD- A certificate for dedicated workers. Bonus payments- for reaching certain targets I believe that the following incentives will make workers feel motivated. This is because it makes the workers feel that they are being recognised and that there work is appreciated. It is not only the financial incentives that are important for motivation. It is also for example the certificate for working hard which could motivate. And even the fact that workers can put their ideas across, which may make them feel a real part of the company. There are some improvements that could be made to the performance indicators. Firstly as we know labour turnover at the Longsight store is at an average level as many workers are students. We can solve this problem by allowing the shifts to fit in with the workers education, by offering them certain shifts. And then there is the labour productivity which is already very high, so I believe that this should just be kept at a constant level. And workers should just continue with the good work. Absenteeism is a problem when the workers don’t come into work without any notice. To solve this problem I believe that managers should phone up absent workers to see where they are. And if they persist in not coming into work then this must mean that they feel demotivated, so managers should try to find out what the problem is. I know that the incentives that Asda offers are very good, but I generally believe that managers should talk to their staff a little more and just give them general assurance that they are doing the job in the right way and to show that their work is appreciated. I believe that as Asda is worth over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.3 billion this must mean that they are not going too wrong. And another fact that shows that Asda is doing well is that it was voted the best company to work for in the year 2000 by the Times Newspaper. And in 2001 it was also voted supermarket of the year. Business Studies Easter Project. (2017, Oct 12).

Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Volkswagen and Mercedes Benz - Essay Example For the third quarter the company posted net profit of â‚ ¬7.146 billion which is three times higher than the profit figure in the same quarter of the last year. The astounding company results are attributed to its investment in new products, manufacturing operations in the emerging markets like China. The company plans to invest heavily in developing markets simultaneously consolidating its position in developed regions such as Europe and Americas. (IHS global 2011) The following table represents year wise consolidated income statement of the company. Figures in Millions of Euros Items Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Total Revenues 108,897.0 113,808.0 105,187.0 126,875.0 Cost of Goods Sold 83,593.0 87,862.0 81,899.0 94,050.0 Gross Profit 16,399.0 16,250.0 12,733.0 20,742.0 Operating Expenses, Total 10,142.0 11,431.0 12,648.0 13,868.0 Operating Income 6,257.0 4,819.0 85.0 6,874.0 Net Interest Expense 413.0 344.0 -781.0 -626.0 EBT, Excluding Unusual Items 7,665. 0 6,688.0 863.0 7,956.0 Income Tax Expense 2,421.0 1,920.0 349.0 1,767.0 Net Income 4,120.0 4,753.0 960.0 6,835.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR Balance Sheet of Volkswagen Figures in Millions of Euros Assets Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Total Cash And Short Term Investments 15,638.0 11,394.0 21,890.0 22,794.0 Total Receivables 8,902.0 11,372.0 10,871.0 12,811.0 Total Current Assets 68,516.0 76,163.0 77,776.0 85,936.0 Plant And Equipment 25,689.0 30,030.0 31,745.0 34,550.0 Total Assets 145,357.0 167,919.0 177,178.0 199,393.0 Figures in Millions of Euros Liabilities Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Accounts Payable 8,202.0 9,085.0 9,734.0 11,628.0 Other Current Liabilities, Total 14,620.0 15,330.0 14,911.0 17,043.0 Total Current Liabilities 56,068.0 64,802.0 69,534.0 76,899.0 Long-Term Debt 3,645.0 2,240.0 9,272.0 8,989.0 Pension & Other Post-Retirement Benefits 12,481.0 12,82 9.0 13,793.0 15,265.0 Deferred Tax Liability Non-Current 2,637.0 3,654.0 2,224.0 1,669.0 Other Non-Current Liabilities 12,775.0 15,863.0 17,061.0 19,522.0 Total Liabilities 113,419.0 130,531.0 139,748.0 150,681.0 Total Common Equity 31,875.0 35,011.0 35,281.0 45,978.0 Total Liabilities & Equity 145,357.0 167,919.0 177,178.0 199,393.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR&dataset=balanceSheet&period=A¤cy=native Cash Flow Statement (Figures in Millions of Euros) Details Dec 31, 2007 Dec 31, 2008 Dec 31, 2009 Dec 31, 2010 Net Income 4,120.0 4,753.0 960.0 6,835.0 Depreciation & Amortization, Total 6,427.0 6,738.0 4,900.0 5,058.0 Cash From Operations 15,662.0 2,702.0 12,741.0 11,455.0 Cash From Investing -15,812.0 -11,183.0 -9,675.0 -11,048.0 Total Debt Issued 9,609.0 17,477.0 16,998.0 7,910.0 Total Debt Repaid -8,524.0 -8,485.0 -10,225.0 -12,069.0 Total Dividend Paid -497.0 -720.0 -779.0 -755.0 Cash From Financing 787.0 8 ,123.0 5,536.0 -852.0 Net Change in Cash 547.0 -471.0 8,792.0 -8.0 Source: http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=VOW:GR&dataset=cashFlow&period=A¤cy=native Financial Analysis It will be interesting to analyze the company’s financials from stakeholder’s point of view as the company’s progress in last few years has been exemplary and how the stakeholders can see the Key

Coal chemical looping Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coal chemical looping - Research Paper Example As it has been reported that the global demand for energy is likely to be fulfilled by the exploitation and utilization of fossil fuels in decades to come, the need for developing effective systems for the capture and storage of CO2 has become indispensible (Yue 2010). While, the significance of this observation is undeniable the present systems and frameworks which are utilized extensively in the industry are inadequate and do not support the advancement of certain aims and objectives that are associated with the development of suitable technologies. As noted by Yue (2010), present solutions for solving the issue are marked by the absence of cost-efficiency, capture efficiency and conversion efficiency which is an alarming scenario for both researchers and analysts alike. This observation proposes that the technology of chemical looping combustion (CLC) and its related processes have emerged as an innovation which presents numerous prospects and opportunities for the development of energy and power-related technologies by minimizing the risks, limitations and drawbacks that are associated with the solutions that are currently and presently available within the industry. Numerous studies and researches have established that the CLC technology boosts of impressive efficiency rates for the purpose of producing electricity and hydrogen in scenarios where the system of gasification is associated and integrated within the chemical looping technology (Yue 2010). Since the inception of the innovation, empirical studies have also been able to establish the types of suitable components that should be installed within an effective CLC system to maximize desired outcomes. This aspect involves the selection of solid fuels that can be used in chemical looping in addition with the oxygen carriers which have the potential to enhance the oxidation process. Even though, these observations have revealed the possibility of utilizing an extensive range of carbonaceous fuels and ca rriers, the scope of this paper focuses on the process of coal chemical looping such as the coal-direct looping process and the process of syngas chemical looping. Furthermore, the paper also explores the practical applications of chemical looping combustion in organizations such as General Electric and Alstom. In conclusion the research examines the advantages, challenges and limitations that are associated with the process of coal chemical looping in the light of recent researches and studies. The application of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes is a revolutionary advancement and innovation in the industry, as stated by Yue (2010): Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) is a new alternative to conventional combustion that prevents the CO2 from being mixed in the combustion gases. This is accomplished by preventing the air-N2 to be present in the part of the reactor system where the oxidation of the fuel takes place. (p. 527) The introduction and subsequent incorporation of ch emical looping techniques and strategies was impelled by the absence of frameworks that could be applied for the separation and conversion of chemicals during the occurrence of various product-related procedures (Fan 2011). While, this observation is reflective of the traditional demands and needs which initially required the launch of chemical looping techniques, contemporary applications of chemical looping essentially aim to fulfill the need of establishing a modern, optimized and effective

Planck mission explores the history of our universe Research Paper

Planck mission explores the history of our universe - Research Paper Example With the help of NASA, Planck was able to construct a composite image from observations of the Milky Way Galaxy made at wavelengths of light longer than what we see with the naked eye. According to Charles Lawrence, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planck is equipped enough to see not only the old light from the origin of our universe, but also gas and dust in today’s galaxy. Planck stated that it would make the data (that will be detailing all the observations made in the entire mission) available to the public on 5th February (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 4). With this data, that has informed research in matters including dark matter, theories on the cosmos will be put to a test and the knowledge we have on the universe revolutionized. There are several points of interest in Planck’s mission. For any study on the origin of the universe, there are some issues that need to be addressed. Dark energy is said to have had a lot of power over the formation of the universe. Today, it is still believed to be affecting the survival of the planet probably due to acting against gravity. Researching on how the dark energy can affect the planet or the universe is imperative to understanding what effects it had during the creation of the universe. The milk way, also, is another important part of the study. Our planet is found in the milk way, and it is, therefore, crucial that proper knowledge of the region is acquired. Among some of the most striking findings is the length of time the universe was supposed to have remained in darkness. Planck’s data show that the universe may have remained in darkness during its infantry period for a hundred years or so (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 5). This research, however, is inconclusive and subject to review. During this period, dark energy is a major factor of consideration. According to Planck, dark energy does exist, and it is working against gravity at an increased

Implications of Implementing a company-wide business information Essay

Implications of Implementing a company-wide business information system (ERP) in Tesco - Essay Example This provides a platform for companies to manage their information and business data so that they can carry out their daily operations in the most effective way possible. Enterprise Resource Planning is a form of business information system which companies can make use of when they want to effectively manage all their operations (Abramowicz and Zurada, 2001). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) refers to the incorporation of modern technology in business management systems (Adam and Sammon, 2004). In this day and age, information technology plays a major role in how business processes are carried out and this has a direct impact on the ultimate performance of a company. In this respect, ERP is a combination of three business aspects: management practices, business objectives and information technology. ERP helps business entities that have a wide operations base to have adequate information to carry out their vast business functions and still be able to beat their competitors in the m arket (Abramowicz and Zurada, 2001). The implementation of an ERP system in Tesco would greatly enhance the company’s performance. Tesco is a U.K. based grocery and general retailer founded in 1919. The retailer is the world’s third largest with stores in 14 countries in Europe, Asia and North America. Tesco is the largest retail company in the UK where it commands a strong 30% market share. It was originally founded as a food and drinks retailing company, but it has since diversified its business to include electronics, telecoms, financial services, clothing, health, home, car, pet insurance, dental as well as retailing, and renting music, movies, software and internet services. With this wide array of operations, it is important for the company to have an ERP system that will make it easy for the company to share information with the aim of increasing profits and beating the competition (Schneider, 2010). This paper discusses the implications of implementing a compan y-wide business information system (ERP) in Tesco Plc. Some of the issues that will be discussed in detail include: the method of application of ERP in Tesco and the benefits of the system to Tesco’s core business. Issues such as critical success factors, supplier control, design and manufacture as well as information and data management as pertaining to ERP are part of what will be discussed. The paper also looks at some of the positive and negative aspects of implementing ERP in Tesco. The requirements and conditions that must be met to implement an ERP system in the company will also be discussed. For ERP to work in any environment, there have to be various Critical Success Factors (CSFs) to support it (Monk and Wagner, 2009). In Tesco’s case, there are various CSFs which can be utilized by the company in order to make business operations much easier. These CSFs which are relevant to Tesco’s current situation are: product diversification, proper management an d good employee relations and organized data management. The fact that Tesco has a wide array of products that it sells to its customers is a big plus for the company. The situation is likely to get even better with a fool-proof ERP system. The system will make it possible for the organization to keep track of the product circulation throughout its areas of operations. Since it has several products under its banner, having a reliable EPR system will enable the company to know when the how each of the

El Salvador Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

El Salvador - Essay Example The poor groups are characterized with poverty and without property, with little opportunity to explore the possibility of expanding their income as well as education opportunity. This population increasingly lives in poverty, a situation that has been associated with high birthrate. (Romanoff, Steven, 28) Study reveals that the increasing population of the El Salvador is as a result or poverty rather than the later being the course of the former. (Romanoff, Steven, 30) The largest share of the population in El Salvador is employed in the Agricultural sector work in the plantation. This presents another question of what could be the structure of the population and what is the evolution it has obtained overtime? What are the functions that have perpetuated poverty among those who live in the rural, and what are the consequences of the increase in the rate of population growth. There is a high level of poverty in rural as well as in urban among the people of El Salvador. (Romanoff, Steven, 32) This has been contributed to the fact that there is a high level of unequal distribution of land. (Maxwell, Daniel G., John W. Parker, and Heather C. Stobaugh, 69) Land is a key factor of production in El Salvador and lack or possession of it has a bearing in determination of the poverty gap. In a study conducted on the family income in El Salvador, it was revealed that 10% of those who received their income among the wealthiest obtained more wealth than the remaining 90% put together. While those who could be classified as top 1% obtained more income than that of the 50% of the poorest in the society. The wealthy families at 5.2% and were having more than 10 hectares of land were controlling overwhelming 73%. (Maxwell, Daniel G., John W. Parker, and Heather C. Stobaugh, 69) A different study conducted in 1992 revealed that 72% of the rural

Planck mission explores the history of our universe Research Paper

Planck mission explores the history of our universe - Research Paper Example With the help of NASA, Planck was able to construct a composite image from observations of the Milky Way Galaxy made at wavelengths of light longer than what we see with the naked eye. According to Charles Lawrence, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Planck is equipped enough to see not only the old light from the origin of our universe, but also gas and dust in today’s galaxy. Planck stated that it would make the data (that will be detailing all the observations made in the entire mission) available to the public on 5th February (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 4). With this data, that has informed research in matters including dark matter, theories on the cosmos will be put to a test and the knowledge we have on the universe revolutionized. There are several points of interest in Planck’s mission. For any study on the origin of the universe, there are some issues that need to be addressed. Dark energy is said to have had a lot of power over the formation of the universe. Today, it is still believed to be affecting the survival of the planet probably due to acting against gravity. Researching on how the dark energy can affect the planet or the universe is imperative to understanding what effects it had during the creation of the universe. The milk way, also, is another important part of the study. Our planet is found in the milk way, and it is, therefore, crucial that proper knowledge of the region is acquired. Among some of the most striking findings is the length of time the universe was supposed to have remained in darkness. Planck’s data show that the universe may have remained in darkness during its infantry period for a hundred years or so (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California para. 5). This research, however, is inconclusive and subject to review. During this period, dark energy is a major factor of consideration. According to Planck, dark energy does exist, and it is working against gravity at an increased

El Salvador Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

El Salvador - Essay Example The poor groups are characterized with poverty and without property, with little opportunity to explore the possibility of expanding their income as well as education opportunity. This population increasingly lives in poverty, a situation that has been associated with high birthrate. (Romanoff, Steven, 28) Study reveals that the increasing population of the El Salvador is as a result or poverty rather than the later being the course of the former. (Romanoff, Steven, 30) The largest share of the population in El Salvador is employed in the Agricultural sector work in the plantation. This presents another question of what could be the structure of the population and what is the evolution it has obtained overtime? What are the functions that have perpetuated poverty among those who live in the rural, and what are the consequences of the increase in the rate of population growth. There is a high level of poverty in rural as well as in urban among the people of El Salvador. (Romanoff, Steven, 32) This has been contributed to the fact that there is a high level of unequal distribution of land. (Maxwell, Daniel G., John W. Parker, and Heather C. Stobaugh, 69) Land is a key factor of production in El Salvador and lack or possession of it has a bearing in determination of the poverty gap. In a study conducted on the family income in El Salvador, it was revealed that 10% of those who received their income among the wealthiest obtained more wealth than the remaining 90% put together. While those who could be classified as top 1% obtained more income than that of the 50% of the poorest in the society. The wealthy families at 5.2% and were having more than 10 hectares of land were controlling overwhelming 73%. (Maxwell, Daniel G., John W. Parker, and Heather C. Stobaugh, 69) A different study conducted in 1992 revealed that 72% of the rural

United States Declaration of Independence Essay Example for Free

United States Declaration of Independence Essay John Locke was born on August 29th, 1632 in Somerset, England. He first studied medicine at Oxford University, and then later became a highly influential British philosopher. His ideas and literary works largely influenced people and governments during both his time, and ours. In his major works, Locke wrote down his ideas on topics such as political philosophy, education, and epistemology. In John Locke’s works on the topic of political philosophy, he introduced his ideas on the subjects of natural rights and the social contract. Locke’s ideas on these subjects have been largely influential in the development of the foundation of modern government. One of John Lockes most influential ideas was the thought that everyone had specific natural rights. In his opinion, there are certain natural rights that every person is entitled to have. According to Locke, these include the rights to life, liberty, and property. He developed these ideas in his most renowned piece of literary work called Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government. In this document, Locke writes that people should give up some natural freedoms in order to cooperate with the common law, and in return, the government should protect them. Another main point Locke makes is that citizens in any given country have the right, and obligation, to replace their current government if the regime is abusing its powers. Locke writes Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself. The ideas put forth in his Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government inspired the libertarian ideals of the American Revolution, and also set an example for those who lived in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. Lockes writings were a huge inspiration to the founding fathers of America, and to the people in the original colonies who read Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government on the eve on the Revolution. His anti-authoritarian ideas inspired the creation of a different type of government that protected the rights and freedoms of its people. The Social Contract theory goes hand and hand with natural laws. The social contract is an agreement between the people and their government, where the people agree to obey the state and pay for its services, and the government will make and enforce laws that protects its citizens. This idea of social contract was also talked about in Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government. Many writers who read Locke’s ideas on natural laws and social contract became influenced by him and his ideas, most notably Thomas Jefferson in the American Declaration of Independence. Locke’s Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government can be seen as somewhat of an outline for the Declaration of Independence. An example of this in the Declaration is when it states that every man has a right to â€Å"life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. † This almost directly references Lockes ideas in Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government where he states every man has a right to defend their life, health, Liberty, or possessions. Also, the first sentence of the Declaration establishes a Natural Law based on a theory popularized by Locke. John Locke was and continues to be a huge contributor to modern governments. The ideas of natural rights and the social contract that were put into the Second Treatise Concerning Civil Government , as well as the other writings and ideas John Locke created were a huge inspiration to many people, politicians, and modern governments. Most notably, the United States of America, where Locke’s ideas were put into the Declaration of Independence, and where he inspired the founding fathers to create a government where the people held the power, and every man had equal rights. Without John Locke and his writings, who knows where America and many other non-authoritarian governments would stand today.

The Innovative Strategies For Samsung Marketing Essay

The Innovative Strategies For Samsung Marketing Essay Samsung has launched a new generation of tablets. This document will explain whether the industry presents the company with an attractive opportunity and what strategic issues and problems merit front burner managerial attention. Concluding with recommendations. Declaration: I hereby declare that this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted for any subject previously. DUE DATE: 19 March 2013 Executive Summary: You have heard about Samsung, one thing that has made you hear a lot about them is their innovation. Samsung Innovation has kept competitors at bay and made them one of the leading manufacturers of electronics and mobile devices. If you have tried or used a Samsung product, you will agree that it is utilizing the strong Samsung Innovation that has been laid emphasis by the company. Samsung has launched a generation of tablets. The question posed is: Does the outlook for the industry present the company with an attractive opportunity? What strategic issues and problems merit front burner managerial attention? In the existing business environment, internal and external, all the businesses irrespective of its size have to face and overcome challenges posed by dynamic external changes, namely technological changes and accelerated globalization. This means it is not innovations per se that matters but innovations which embed within themselves game changing strategies would have to be followed by organizations, creating value could be a necessary condition for the company to survive but not a sufficient condition if they have to compete and win for which they need to change the rules of the game of strategy altogether in a manner that would replace the current ways and methods the businesses have been applying them in creating and appropriating value. In other words, the game changing innovations should not just stop with products and services but summarize within themselves the business processes, business models, and the way a company positions itself in comparison to its competitors. Throug h the principals we have learnt and acquired in strategic management, this paper will analyse the outlook for the industry and whether it presents the company with an attractive opportunity. In addition it will find out what strategic issues and problems merit front burner managerial attention? It is important to analyse the outlook for the industry and whether it presents the company with an attractive opportunity because Information technology is both an enormous industry in itself and the source of dramatic changes in business practices in all other sectors. The sequence of this paper begins by firstly recognising the outlook for the technology industry and IT industry and the description of Samsung. A brief explanation of the strategic issues, internal and external issues faced by Samsung will also be reviewed. Following this is Samsungs innovation which will covers key points such as strategies for Samsung, strategies for Samsung innovation and development of technology platform. Finally, this paper concludes by underlining recommendations for Samsung. Executive Summary 1. The Outlook for the Technology and Information Technology Industry. 1.1. Global perception 1.2. Continental perception 1.3. How South African citizens relate with technology, IT, and Samsung 2. Samsung. 2.1 Description of the company 2.2 Samsung Tablet 2.3 Future Plans 3. Strategic Issues. 3.1. INTERNAL ENVIROMENT 3.1.1. SWOT (environmental) analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses 3.2. EXTERNAL ENVIROMENT 3.2.1. SWOT (environmental) analysis: Opportunities and Threats 3.2.2. Changes in the external environment 3.2.3. Marketing Mix 4. A description of Samsung Innovation and Innovative Strategies for Samsung. 4.1. Two Samsung innovation uncharted innovative strategies 4.2. Future Samsung innovations 4.3. Development of technology platform 4.4. Conclusion on Samsung innovation 5. Recommendations 6. References The Outlook for the Technology and Information Technology Industry: Global perception: Market Analysis: According to the IT market analysis firm Gartner, Gartner, Inc. (NYSE: IT) is the worlds leading information technology research and advisory company. worldwide IT spending grew by more than anticipated in 2010, reaching 5.3%, as opposed to the predicted growth of 3.2%. Given the fragile state of the economic recovery, together with very low growth in most of the advanced markets, the mentioned number gives some grounds for hopefulness that corporate are preparing for higher rates of growth than is currently showing up in GDP figures around the world. In June 2011.The global IT spending will grow by 7.1% over 2010. Gartner sees some slowdown in spending on desktop PCs as big corporate delay refreshing their desktop PC infrastructure, but this is being more than made up for by increased spending on servers, storage, and networks. Even the spend on PCs shows strong growth if one adds in new spending on tablet PCs, a format that is proving extremely popular both with consumers and executives. The growth in global hardware spending in 2011 is predicted to be 11.7%. This is slightly behind the 12.1% growth achieved in 2010, in comparison with what was spent in 2009, but it represents a significant upward revision on Gartners earlier prediction of growth of 9.5% for the hardware segment in 2011. Continental perception: Market Analysis in Africa: Africa is a continent comprised of diverse countries, and each of these countries are developing at a different rate, many of these countries are dynamic emerging economies, some of which are essential states to American national strategic interests, one of which (South Africa) has been identified by the U.S. (Edward S. Marek) More than ever, the web is part of our daily lives. We live in a connected world that allows us to laugh, share, and live on the web. One of the major components of technology is internet. Africa has the lowest internet penetration rate globally. In Sub-Saharan African countries, for internet users the penetration rate is below 7% and for broadband it is under 1%. In Latin America and Caribbean, and East Asia and Pacific countries, the number is about 20% for internet users. North African countries are having a rate of 40.4%. However, even in North Africa the penetration rate for broadband subscribers is merely 2%. In Africa most internets is by low speed dial-up connections which are concentrated in Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa. More rapidly speed broadband connections through Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (ADSL) are mainly found in South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, and Algeria. Africa had the worlds greatest growth in new mobile phones in 2008. Some Sub-Saharan countries had some growth of 40% yet overall penetration rates remain low. There are also important differences between Sub-Saharan countries, with penetration rates in resource rich and resource scarce coastal countries at about 50%, compared 15% in resource scarce closed in countries. How South African citizens relate with technology, IT, and Samsung: Amongst other mobile companies, Samsung continued to govern mobile phones in 2011. Samsung is considered trustworthy by many South Africans. The company has managed to establish itself as the ultimate in style and design. Samsungs target is to dominate the whole South African consumer electronics industry. Based on its trendy designs and innovative products, it has a competitive edge which is difficult to beat. The overall IT spending in South Africa has increased by 7.1% year-on-year during 2011 reaching a total of more than R111.6 billion, according to the latest figures from market analytics company IDC (International Data Corporation). The growth in IT services spending was determined by a recovering economy, increased business confidence, expanding bandwidth availability, and different infrastructure investments made in the country in 2010. In a recent research report, IDC cited that IT outsourcing constituted around 40% of the South African IT services market, which represents the largest market share of all IT services foundation markets. The 2012-2016 South Africa IT market compound annual growth rate is projected to be in the region of 13%, as a number of Major IT infrastructure projects generate spending at provincial levels. A projected improvement in South Africas broadband infrastructure and international bandwidth will also be an important market growth driver and will help drive demand for cloud computing solutions. Samsung: 2.1 Description of the company: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd is an international leader in digital media and digital convergence technologies; Samsung is the globes largest company having the highest brand value. Samsung is functioning in more than 50 countries in the world. Their global strategy involves eight main regions Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Africa, and Middle East, China, North America, Europe and Latin America. Samsungs headquarters are in Seoul, South Korea. Strategy is long term planning to get the goals. It is a roadmap of future actions. After market researching the global market, Samsung gets plenty of feedback from its customer and employees. Samsung needs to advance its products promotional activities, customer service and online business since it is very important to satisfy its customers. Samsung strategic growth plan aims to fulfil the needs and wants of customers, expectations of employees and all other stakeholders. It requires focusing all its resources on increasing technological innovation and market share growth but the industrys infrastructure and labour skills at that moment were too unfavourable for Samsung to accomplish these and become competitive in the world market. In order to attain this, Samsung reinvented itself by primarily keeping on tract with its customers needs and wants. 2.2 Samsung Tablet: Samsung Mobile is one of the five units within the Korean Samsung Electronics. It is the second largest phone manufacturer and one of the largest technology companies by sales in the world, producing different devices including phones, TVs, cameras, computers, stereo systems, etc. The below information has been extracted from an article that was written based on Samsung Africa Forum 2013. Samsung Electronics announced the launch of the worlds first 8 inch tablet, the GALAXY Note 8.0. The whole of section 2.2 has been quoted due to technical terms. 2.2.1. A smart diary for life on the go Slim and compact enough to become the perfect on-the-go work and play companion, the GALAXY Note 8.0 brings powerful performance and functionality to support even the most demanding of lifestyles. Designed to store and manage your personal and professional data efficiently, this new era device gives users the perfect pocket-sized hands-on organisational tool and as a result, is ideal as a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) tool to use in the workplace. Practical S Note templates and S Planner feature help to manage everyday tasks, including meeting notes, to-do lists, and even personal diary entries. All content can be entered and updated with the finest of detail. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) 2.2.2. New content and services GALAXY Note 8.0 is packed with pre-loaded content and apps specifically for the mass multimedia, value-maximising, consumer. Upgraded Chat-On provides easy instant messaging and group chatting in multiple formats images, video, voice, contacts for simple, enjoyable communication. Awesome Note, an integrated application that is introduced in android tablet for the first time with NOTE 8.0, is capable of near-unlimited note-taking uses including Memo, Diary, and Must-remember lists. With Flip board, youre RSS, social network and other feeds come together in one stylish, flip-able format so you can enjoy all your news and lifes great moments in one place. Flip board developed a customised version of its application exclusively for Samsungs Note 8.0 that allows users to take the S Pens hover feature and preview article headers beneath Flip boards main screen tiles. Finally, Smart Remote gives you a universal remote control and electronic programming guide allowing you to manage TV and video watching seamlessly. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) A new age of S Pen intelligence Optimised to aid personalised creativity, the Samsung S Pen has evolved to increase everyday usability and enhance creation expression. Embedded within the tablet, the S Pen is an extension of the GALAXY Note 8.0. Removing the S Pen from the device will automatically launch innovative features such as Pen Detection that will suggest adapted menus that it thinks youll need and Page Buddy, a feature that will intuitively activate your most recently adapted S Note home screen. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) S Pen technology is now so advanced that it doesnt even have to touch the screen. With Air View, the S Pen needs only to hover over the screen to see previews of videos, emails, photos, and appointments on S Planner without opening the file or application in full. S Pen Gesture allows images and content to be easily edited and cropped, whilst Paper Artist and Photo Note allow photos to be artistically personalised. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) Maximising mass multimedia consumption Creative multi-tasking with the GALAXY Note 8.0 is effortless due to innovative Dual View feature, two multi- window options that seamlessly allow you to facilitate multi-screen usage. Dual Views split screen accommodates optimal operation of different apps, such as launching the S Note on the web browser screen and allowing content to be resized, dragged and dropped as required. Multi-tasking is extended to phone calls*. Pop Up Note allows you to access S Note at any time to keep track of key actions and Pop Up Video ensures you can keep surfing the web whilst chatting content windows can be easily resized by pinching to enlarge or reduce. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) Perfect info-attainment partner Packed with features to engage, entertain, and excite, the GALAXY Note 8.0 supports your everyday needs in a practical way. Reading Mode transforms the GALAXY Note 8.0 into an e-Book reader, provides the optimal reading conditions to ensure you can curl up and enjoy a good book. You can even turn it into a universal remote control with Smart Remote, to seamlessly manage TVs, set-top boxes, DVD Blu-ray players. (Staff writer: Wed, Mar 13th, 2013) 2.3 Future Plans: Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., the world leader in advanced memory technology, announced on the 05 April that it is now mass producing Ultra High Speed-1 (UHS-1) interface micro SD cards that support the highest performance levels required on advanced LTE (Long Term Evolution) smart phones and tablets. (Seoul, Korea on Apr. 5. 2012) In the future, Samsung plans to expand its micro SD card offerings with higher density solutions that reinforce its position as the leading market innovator for NAND flash. Strategic Issues: 3.1. INTERNAL ENVIROMENT: 3.1.1. SWOT (environmental) analysis: Strengths and Weaknesses Swot analysis is the most important and first stage of planning. It is a feedback mechanism to make new strategies for any company. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats are the four components of a swot analysis. Weaknesses and Strengths are correlated and examine the internal part of the business analysis whereas Opportunities and Threats deal with the external environment of business operation. Samsungs electronic strengths are: A strong global brand. It is the leading consumers electronics brand in the world. The Quality is good .They assure the same quality and range worldwide. Its vision is leading the digital convergence resolutions. It means they want to be the leader of the electronic items worldwide in order to get the goodwill as well. They have a strong concept. They are offering good design , good quality as well medium prices They have diversified products. Samsungs products has based on variety. It means they manufacture same items in diverse ways for the diverse kind of people for diverse countries. Technology. Voice call is clear and reckoned by customers as having a good value for their money; and the design of Samsungs electronics technology is very high. We can order right quality at the right price. Good reputation among customers. Samsung claims that it has well-established brand equity, and has performed extremely well since the past decade particularly from 2000 onwards. A range of innovative products with value-added features and functionalities have been launched by Samsung which have been very successful. The company strongly believes in playing to its strengths. (Samsung Group Timeline and History 2007). The senior management (2007) claims that the company has a diversified and talented human and intellectual capital. The executives pride themselves in having such capable employees and are confident that the workforce as well as the strategic partners including distributors, dealers, marketing and advertising agencies round the world would help Samsung Group, particularly the Samsung Mobile business segment, reach the rank of a global leader in electronics and telecommunication goods and devices. (Samsung Group Timeline and History 2007). Weaknesses for Samsung are: The global scale of Samsungs operation indicates that it has severe implication on its management system. To control a business in just one location is easy but for a worldwide operation is complicated and could be challenging. Base on the double digit decrease of its operating profit against the previous year, it indicates that its operating cost had also increased by more than 20%. Its operation had not been efficient enough to produce good profits. Samsung as a South Korean company is reckoned by most customer as only next to any Japanese firm since Japan is always considered as a high tech country in the world. Although companies strive to penetrate new markets, its concentration remains more on a few countries in Europe and North America. Samsung mobile focuses more Kingdom and United States compared to other countries. Although the diversified workforce is an asset to the company, many cultural and linguistic differences arise which lead to group conflicts and interpersonal grudges. Communication between individuals belonging to different nations may not be as efficient as between those who share the same culture and social background. The business is heavily investing into development of newer markets and segments. It wants to capture as many markets as possible in a smaller span of time. However, instead of taking thoughtful and careful steps in order to reach the global position it desires, Samsung is seems to be in a hurry to launch new products, segments and marketing campaigns. 3.2. EXTERNAL ENVIROMENT: 3.2.1. SWOT (environmental) analysis: Opportunities and Threats Opportunities A business uses its strengths to take advantage of the opportunities that arise, opportunities for Samsung are: Increases mobile and computer market Global growth. Entrance of new technologies A strong customer demand and good design. There is an increasing need of faster, dependable, and easy communication. Samsung sees a great opportunity in this. The technologies are advancing at a fast pace. The business, by gaining a deep insight into consumer preferences and needs, can develop products according to what the market needs and desires. Samsung Mobile has plenty opportunities to cease particularly with the rise in global population and the need for rapid communication. (EFFIE/ The Best Brand 2006). Threats If any company is aware of possible external threats, it can be addressed by generating new ideas to counter it or can use a particular strength to defend against threats in the market. The threats on Samsung are as follows: Changing social trends: It is trying to build on line help to guide customer to a more comfortable life. The online business and website promotion entails cost and any change introduces needs getting better staff competencies by training. Strong competition: Samsung faces strong competition from the other Korean company such as LG, KTF, SK aside from its foreign competitors like Sony Panasonic. Smart phones are easier to make now more than ever. New entrance in the market, more companies may enter the market, and competitors or even Samsung contractors can scheme around patents to create similar devices. Samsung has linked product lines; this means that if one product line fails due to its own reasons other product lines will also experience the same failure. Unlike Samsung, their competitors like Nokia has only paid attention in one segment and put much effort on it. Besides, the products made from China was very economic so Samsung could have a high competitive with their products. Retail chains like Big bazaar sell consumer electronics and home appliance in low cost strategy which produced in bulks foreign market. Therefore Samsung is also facing threats from many other low cost companies. New regulations and increased trade barrier. 3.2.2. Changes in the external environment External Environment: The external environment of an organization is those factors outside the company that affect the companys ability to function. Some external factors can be manipulated by company marketing, while other factors require the organization to make adjustments. Court Battles all Across the World One of the components of Samsungs external environment is their competitors. Competitors have a significant effect on how they do business and how they strategically address their target market. Apple has decided to take on the competition, Samsung directly in the same target market. The UK isnt the only place where Apple and Samsung lawyers are fighting. Apple and Samsung are fighting this fight across the world in nearly every country where Apple products are sold. Apple is tired of Samsung creating products that are very similar to what Apple puts out. Apple has won some of these battles while Samsung continues to pick up speed. Samsung has no control over this, as this is the market environment, what the company can really do is to adapt to the situation and fight the best way the knowhow. Any kind of company scandal can be damaging to the companys image. The public perception of Samsung can hurt sales its negative, or it can boost sales with positive company news. Samsung can influence public opinion by using public relations professionals to release strategic information, but it is also important for Samsung to monitor public opinion to try and defuse potential issues before they start to spread. The ultimate question is: did Samsung copy Apple or did Samsung simply come up with its own products that just so happen to look like Apples? Its tough to say which company came out with the concept of an iPad-like tablet first. Marketing mix of Samsung The marketing mix is one of the tools available to businesses to gain the reaction to its target market in relation to its marketing objectives .Marketing mix is the combination of 7ps. This includes price, place, promotion, product, people, process, and physical evidence. Its manufactures a range of designs which is directly concern to customer satisfaction. Samsung has high quality, capitalizes on packing branding, and having adequate warranties. Samsung technology is high and of good value. Samsung product electronic goods such as TVS, Computer, notebook, washing machine, microwave etc and the latest product is the tablet. Samsungs pricing strategy is neither high nor low; this means that the prices are affordable. Samsung offers schemes for all new products, during festive seasons, new years, when a new product is launched and on its anniversary, which helps to stimulated psychologically to customer. Samsung elucidates its vision as well as mission of marketing strategy by the following clarifications of 4 ps. Product: Samsungs product range worldwide included CTVs, audio and video products. IT products, mobile phones, and home appliances are Samsungs chief products. Samsungs product range covers all the categories in the consumer electronics and home appliances. Place: Samsung brands have 25 production base worldwide and more than fifty sales subsidiaries in about 50 countries, and their global strategy involves eight main regions. Samsung also sells its product through independent retailers. Customers can see and handle products they are taking into consideration of buying. Price: Pricing also seemed to have played an important role in Samsungs success. Samsung offers different pricing structures to reach out to different customers groups. The price plans are available on a monthly basis and a prepaid option. Promotion: Samsung advertises on TV, in magazines and in other media outlets; through this type of advertising they reach large audiences and spreads the brand image and the message very effectively. This is also known as above the line promotion. There is also the below the line promotion; every store has special offers, promotions, and posters showing sales offers to attract customers inside the store to buy. A description of Samsung Innovation and Innovative Strategies for Samsung: A description of Samsung Innovation and two innovative strategies for Samsung The innovations recommended here are ones that are diverse in the sense they are not preoccupied with short-term oriented competitive victories but they are focused on the long term oriented competitive advantage. It chalks out a new future for the company based on integrating intelligence instead of separating it out through diverse learning where in the ultimate, the output would be innovations. This paper assumes that Samsungs focal point would be more and more into the Information Technology and Communications (ICT) oriented business and consequently accords the highest priority to technology driven innovations. By the same token, it is also presumed the company would focus on deriving the most advantage from the emerging Internet opportunities. Two Samsung innovation uncharted innovative strategies The first innovative strategy this paper suggests focuses towards the expansion of software that would integrate the Smartphone with mobile payment system (e-wallet) which has implications far beyond from the way the current mobile payment system is functioning. In other words, the scope and opportunities in this area has not been exploited even by the stakeholders involved in the industry. The second relates to the development of a technology platform that would include the current and potential requirements of smart phones. Future Samsung innovations Central to the growth of any economy is a monetized system that makes business transactions and personal transactions competent, quick, and timely. With the technology advancing such a rapid phase, electronic payments in the next few years have the potential to replace in a considerable manner the legacy payments. But for that to happen, the stakeholders in the industry would have to understand the driving forces in the market for electronic payments. Even though at this time there are many solutions which are available that supports connecting bank credit/debit card accounts to on-time practical transactions, yet they suffer from the limitation of not changing the underlying value proposition which is the convenience to customers. Such a value proposition can not only be created but also appropriated only if the current limitations of smart phones as a tool for mobile payment are removed through development of software that could facilitate the contactless payment system. Currently the technology is limited to business-consumer segments, but, it offers scope for development of an assortment of payment system. If Samsung focuses into such an area as its innovative strategy by using the fame of its smart phones and user friendly software, it would ease its capturing and appropriating value proposition in the form of a different competitive strategy. Development of technology platform Before the introduction of smart phones, the mobile telephone and Internet were operating as two un-related entities, with its introduction what the customers today have is the mobile internet which has been made possible with the merging of smart phones and the Internet. For many of those organizations of which Samsung is one who are involved in the manufacture of computers systems, mobile telephony and personal digital assistant devices (PDAs), utilizing the potential offered by the smart phone industry and capturing the value they have created is considered to be a key to future expansion and profits. The value proposition that I am discussing is not just on the use of existing operating system as Android or what Samsung has developed in its own stable, the headlines that Samsung has imitated Apple by taking over its sales in the smartphone segment in July-September, 2011 quarter has not highlighted yet another aspect that can go against the company in the long term. It has to do with the operating system (OS). This may have created value for Samsung in the short term but it fails to address a critical issue for the future. Samsung does not have a strategy so far to capture the lock-in value of the customers and if it has to confine the value created by it, it should address this issue as its another innovative strategy. In this context to capture the value by locking-in the customers, Samsung has to focus on creation a technology platform for the present and future mobile devices. The winners in the technological competition are the ones who have not only the best platform strategy but also the best ecosystems to back it up. This makes it clear that if Samsung has to win over in the smart phone industry with a completive edge by capturing value and appropriate it in the form of revenues, innovating a technology platform should constitute its second strategy. 4.4. Conclusion on Samsung innovation This section of the paper has not only through its logical analysis has not only proved it but also identified two new innovative strategies which the company would have to take up to secure its place as a future driven company. This section has allowed you to agree that Samsung Innovation is real and they have brought up very innovative products and concepts to the market. The Samsung Innovation has made them compete with companies like Apple and larger companies . In electronics, they have also done well. Recommendations Samsung is one of the famous global companies (www.samsung.com) it has manufactured electronics goods and other concrete goods. Samsung is a well known brand because of its service, excellent employees, and Innovative reliable product. They have responsible approach to business and global citizenship and globalisation with partners and customers. Samsung t